Psychological studies Essay

Culture bias is a term which covers several types of bias in psychology. It can be used to refer to judgements and prejudices about certain cultures, or methodological biases which lead to such biased conclusions. For example, although a method of research may be developed and found to be reliable in one culture, the same may not be true in another. Culture bias in methodology prevents us from being able to identify innate behaviour in cross-cultural research. One type of culture bias is ethnocentrism, which is the tendency to use one’s own culture as a basis for judgements about others. Eurocentrism, ethnocentrism from the perspective of Western cultures, is particularly widespread in modern Psychology, as it is commonplace for findings based solely on, for example, American participants to be generalised to people across the globe. The relevance of psychological research carried out in Western countries to the wider world is questionnable. A large amount of this issue is a result of methodology. Because mundane realism and ecological validities have so much effect on the generalisation of findings, in order for findings to be relevant across cultures, the methodology must hold these characteristics no matter which culture it is carried out in. Failure to do so may lead to false conclusions, which by definition hinder the main goal of Psychology; that is, the ability to understand human behaviour. A prominent piece of research that often receives attention for its culture bias is that of Ainsworth & Bell (1970). The ‘strange situation’ research method used in their study of infant attachments, and their subsequent conclusions, have received criticism for eurocentrism. The strange situation is used to observe levels of distress and other behaviours in an infant upon, for example, separation from a parent. This may itself be culture biased because of its individualist nature. If an infant is used to interaction with others, like in Israeli kibbutzim, then separation from a parent will be much less stressful in the ‘strange situation’; but this may not imply that the infant is less attached to its parent. The classifications drawn by Ainsworth & Bell are also culturally biased, because they explicitly state which type of attachment is desirable (secure) and which types are undesirable (insecure). This, combined with the eurocentrism of the methodology itself, has led to parenting styles and infant attachments in some cultures to be mislabelled as inferior to those of the United States, and yet no significant negative effects related to attachments have been observed in such cultures. Another study frequently criticised for eurocentrism is Milgram’s (1963) study into obedience, in which participants were deceived into believing that they were required to administer high-voltage electric shocks to a confederate. In a Smith & Bond’s (1998) comparison of replications of the same study in different cultures, it was shown that there were differences between cultures in how many people obeyed the researcher in the experiment. For example, 65% of Americans, compared with 85% of Germans, 40% of Australian males, 16% of Australian females and 62% of Jordanians conformed. This indicates cultural differences, meaning that the Milgram’s conclusions may hold cultural bias; but at the same time such cultural differences may not actually exist. It may be that the research method is not suitable for all of the cultures, or that the research method was carried out in different ways in different cultures. The method used was criticised for being unrepresentative of real life in Western cultures, and so it is likely that it is also unrepresentative of real life in other cultures (such as that of Jordan), or even that the differences between the research environment and real life as even more significant in other cultures. We cannot be sure about the members of these cultures until such differences are ruled out. Many theories have also been criticised for their culturally biased nature. Economic exchange theories of relationship development and maintenance particularly fall under this category, as, according to Moghaddam (1998), they only apply to Western relationships, and even then only to people in short-term relationships and with high mobility. It may be that relationship theories such as this apply only to individualist cultures and are not suitable for describing relationships in collectivist cultures. However, placing a culture on the ‘individualism-collectivism continuum’ is not as easy as first thought. In relationship theories, the US if often cited as an individualist culture and Japan as a collectivist culture; but when Takano & Osaka (1999) reviewed 15 studies to compare the two nations, only 14 studies supported the distinction. This indicates that even relationship theories which allow for differences between individualist and collectivist cultures are biased because they underestimate the role of situational factors and overestimate that of personal characteristics when analysing of behaviour. Another theory frequently noted for its culture bias is Kohlberg’s (1976) theory of moral understanding. This stage theory describes morality from a very Western, democratic perspective. However, these morals may not be held in other parts of the world, meaning that the theory may lack relevance in the wider world. When Snarey (1985) studied traditional village societies, only the first four stages from Kohlberg’s theory were found to be present, with the stage post-conventional reasoning being completely absent. On fact, it was fount that many moral judgements from some cultures did not fit into any of Kohlberg’s stages, suggesting that his theory does not account for other forms of reasoning.

Ece Developmentally Appropriate Practice

Appropriate Practice When trying to come up with my teaching philosophy, I quickly realized that one size fits all† teaching is not for me. I needed to combine many methods to make my style fit the many personalities and learning styles of my students. With all of the learning styles that students exhibit I do not see how a teacher could simply teach with one philosophy all of the time. If a teacher chooses to lecture all the time, how will the kinesthesia and visual learners, who make up the biggest percentage of the population, understand the material?Due to the low self-esteem of many of the children In today's society I believe that teachers need to be extremely cautious when cringingly a students work. If a student does a poor Job on a paper or assignment I believe that the teacher should use remediation and help the child try to improve their score rather than telling them how poorly they did. Likewise, I believe that if a student does well they should receive praise for what they accomplished. The use of a variety of teaching methods is also crucial to the classroom.A lot of children become bored with the same routine day after day. In order to keep their attention and to keep them interested in the subject matter teachers need to use different methods of teaching such as field trips, debates, and cooperative learning activities. Of the five major philosophies (Perennials, Essentialist, Progressivism, Existentialism and Reconstructions) I relate most to the Existentialism Philosophy. In my opinion this is the most important approach in teaching students in today's society.I believe that students understanding and appreciation of themselves takes precedence over any subject that can be taught in school. No matter how intellectual a student may prove to be, without assurance and belief in themselves they will not accomplish much in life. Every child is different and has unique ways of learning and exceed in some subject areas more than others. A stud ent might not do well In mathematics but may be an excellent artist. This does not mean that they are not as Important as other students Just that they excel more In one area than In another.I feel that education Is not only based on the basics (math, science, reading, and writing), but built on them. To me, creative expression revolves around the basics hat are taught and also around the areas In life that are unseen, or thought. Creamery opens a person's mind, to not Just focus on what has been taught to us, which Is Information stored In the left side of the brain, but also to utilize our own Ideas and Imagination to express ourselves, which utilizes the right side of the brain.By doing creative things that use the imagination, we strengthen both parts of the brain. As children we feed the creative part of the brain, all is growing at once, once formal education is introduced, that vision is narrowed to the point that it becomes lost and often never recovered. A classroom that of fers this type of guidance and the freedom to a pressure-tree environment that allows tort creativity is what I from my class. Sire Another very important factor in a balanced curriculum is conveying emotions because it is an essential form of communication. According to the text (TAP chapter 1 peg 20) children work at their own pace, with their own learning style/ strategies and while learning, TAP engages both emotional and intellectual stimuli. The nice thing about the whole process of learning with this philosophy is that there is no pressure to where it is uncomfortable or not enjoyable. Like I said, each student determines his/her own pace and direction of learning.Without pressure, I feel the students would want to come and learn and to be with fellow students who have common interests and want to learn together, plus get to do what they enjoy doing anyway. Children learn so much better when their affective filter is down. The role of the teacher is to expose the students to the materials and subjects that are available, make them aware of their surroundings, help each one individually through the process, and help them create in an open, free, and stimulating environment.

Misrepresentation of Women in Cinema Movie Review - 1

Misrepresentation of Women in Cinema - Movie Review Example The author of the paper states that the concept of women and its consequences are built also by the influence of cinema and its production of images in everyday life of subjects. Analysts say that culture is an intervention area of ideology and the picture of a woman presented culturally is a stereotypical image. It can also be said that the social construction of woman, that worked for various types media (whether by magazines and advertisements, whether for film and television) is usually based on criteria pre-established socially and imposes an idealized image of women.  Misrepresentation of women in cinema can be in many ways although the most common form of misrepresentation is the objectification of women. Objectification is the treatment of a person like a tool or an object while disregarding their dignity. A person is objectified if they are treated as if they are owned by another or like a tool for another person’s purposes. Objectification means there is no concern for their feelings thereby the particular person is denied subjectivity. The most relevant form of women objectification is sexual objectification. It is the treatment of a woman simply like an instrument for deriving sexual pleasure thereby making the particular woman a sex object. Sexual objectification is an important idea in feminist theory and psychological theories derived from feminism. Most feminists view sexual objectification as deplorable and as playing a vital role in the promotion of gender equality.  One of the feminists Laura Mulvey uses psychoanalysis and her own impressions to enlighten on what would be the female representations within the macho culture. For the system, there is already an idea of woman as an eternal victim: it is her lack that produces the phallus as a symbolic presence; her desire is to compensate the lack what it means.

Business Information Systems (tesco's data processing and networks) Essay

Business Information Systems (tesco's data processing and networks) - Essay Example Tesco’s information systems can be studied from different angles. We shall focus on studying them from the functionality aspect. Let us analyze one of the critical components of Tesco’s Information Systems, the Supply Chain Management System. Tesco is well known for its best practices in Supply Chain Management, which includes â€Å"lean management† and using RFID technology. The key strategy behind maintaining advantage over its competitors has been innovation in the supply chain. Tesco has aimed to innovate at each point of its supply chain. This includes point of sales management, continuous replenishment system, cross dock distribution centers and use of a single vehicle to distribute to several stores (ICMR n.d.). The Continuous replenishment system is a key component in Tesco’s Supply Chain system. The application monitors and controls the inventory in real time at all stores. This provides with real time data to analyze and take important decisions. This modernized application is of unique type and has been deployed in all of Tesco’s data centers across the world. Having a common operating model across all centers around the world, Tesco saves a lot of cost in deployment and maintenance of systems. A company called Micro Focus modernized and extended Tesco’s Continuous Replenishment (CR) application to operate on the latest IBM System p servers and AIX Unix (Computing 2007). MIS system at Tesco is another component of the overall information system of Tesco. After achieving massive growth and expansion, Tesco came up with the idea of developing a single Management Information System (MIS) to fulfill both local and global data reporting requirements. The aim of the MIS is to spread out the key practices and performance indicators at all locations and provide business insight at each store irrespective of the size or maturity of

Assingment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assingment 2 - Essay Example This letter indicates that the only appropriate measure to end this unexpected change is by responding to the problem of religion and administration by proposing the religious toleration as the only solution to this problem. This letter of toleration to some extent though it was written while putting emphasis to an anonymous audience portrays the power of religion as a unifying factor and above all as â€Å"opium of the masses† (Locke 57). On the second claim, toleration is an argument based on both a new and a general understanding of the links and relationship between religion and government. All these social systems were to work hand in hand for one could be more influential and superior to the other. The wide range of religious beliefs and practices was the influential aspects, in the political system, though Thomas Hobbes criticised the persuasion claims for he believed the imperialist-capitalism nature of the Catholic Church was one of the push and pull forces that made all the proposals made in regard to religious tolerance (Locke 36). This research work, through Locke, does not believe in Christian denominations for he believes this will divert the religious affiliations thus reduce the organic solidarity towards fighting the system of governance of the day. The persuasion of the mind is, therefore, viewed as the only influential aspect to be adopted between the state and religion for peaceful coexistence of the state versus religion and the state versus its citizens (Locke 98). The government should place the sovereignty in the hands of the people for the rulers owe their credit to the subjects. When it comes to persuasion, the government should, therefore, be more considerate and target the masses directly for peaceful coexistence in the social system. The social justice should be aptly upheld in any system of government to prevent the day-to-day political unrest. Through this persuasion letter, the only way through which the church can gain a genuine convert is through a persuasion strategy, as opposed to violence and unrests (Locke 143). This was one of the issues he advocated for, and as a believer of the political system, the letter made an assumption that the central governance administration system was like the church were salvation was the order of the day. The central government, as opposed to church, does not preach salvations therefore are very different entities in the social system. This persuasion letter, on the other hand, advocates for a complete restructure of the political system and governance such that it can take part in the purification of souls (Locke 78). This aspect is greatly defied by various political scientist scholars who believed the only thing that can create change in the society is force. This is also portrayed as evil critics as Locke, as a believer, sees heaven system of governance on earth and explains that individuals cannot deny control over their souls to secure various forces as the creator who is god does not sign up magistrates. In conclusion, salvation as an aspect of religion and theology greatly entails the inward persuasion of the mind and force as a parallel side salvation cannot create the appropriate change required in the salvation. This is because force only intimidates obedience but cannot absolutely change an individual’s beliefs acquired through religion as an aspect of

Trying times for President Clinton during the sex sandal with monica Term Paper

Trying times for President Clinton during the sex sandal with monica lewinsky - Term Paper Example The impeachment of the former president came as a result of the scandal and a law suit that was filled by Paula Jones (Neal, 2005:135). This served as the second impeachment of a president in power in the United States of America after the impeachment of the former president Andrew Johnson in the year 1868 (Neal, 2005:136). When the impeachment proceedings were brought forward against the president in 1998 several issues were raised against the governmental processes. While some scholars took the matter lightly, others argued that sexual conduct is a serious offense and is adequate to remove an elected president from the office. Those in support of the president argued that president just like any citizen of the United States have the right to privacy. They also stated that many other former presidents like John F. Kennedy, Roosevelt as well as Warren G. Harding had been linked to extensive extramarital sexual activity but their sexual conduct was not made available to the public. As observed by Chapman (2010: 99), the European observers were surprised that Americans engaged in impeachment proceedings against Bill Clinton because he lied about his sexual conduct. In their argument, they stated that just like any citizen of America would avoid the truth about his sexual fidelity and so Bill Clinton will. In the impeachment case against Clinton, separation of power prevailed through the proceedings. In this context, the act of not telling the truth with respect to the sexual misconduct does not constitute enough evidences necessary for impeachable offenses as defined by the constitution of the country as â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† (Chapman, 2010:99). In this argument therefore, the impeachment against the president seemed partisan and was seen as an attempt by the legislature to extend its powers and responsibility past the boundary. According to Chapman (2010:100), the charges that the former president faced were not worth impeachment because the y did not grow from the failure of the president with regard to the state functions. However, the failure was from his personal life which is different from his public and political life. These differences in arguments divided the legislature and there was a clear boundary in terms of opinions between the republicans and the democrats. The question of what could constitute impeachment against a president had dominated the list of issues during Clinton’s administration. However, the fact that congress was dominated by the Republicans presented a threat to the former president since the issue had taken political angle dividing the house into pro and against impeachment camps. It is this time that the congress dominated by Republicans appointed a counsel to investigate the financial backgrounds of the president (Kogan & Kelso, 2009: 308). The counsel which was headed by Kenneth Starr was given further responsibilities to investigate the scandal surrounding the former president a nd the white house intern, Monica Lewinsky. In close analysis of the unfolding events, it is clear that the push for the investigations and the impeachment of the former president was more political than legal. This is because the political enemies took the opportunity finish him politically. The trouble began when it became apparent that the intern, Monica had told

Discussion 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion 9 - Essay Example enty, does not have any side effects or emissions and is not going to exhaust for another few million years, scientist are attempting to mimic the process of photosynthesis to generate energy. Artificial photosynthesis was performed in Edinburgh, Scotland (September, 2011) in order to get energy, to meet the escalating demand of energy (Styring, 2012). As photosynthesis is carried out in the plant cells it is difficult to meet the energy requirement of augmenting population. Photovoltaic cells or PV cells or solar cells generate electricity using sunlight as the source of energy. These cells are made up of solar panels to trap solar energy and convert it into electric energy which is utilized for various energy requiring processes. The process is environment friendly but these solar panels have to be modified to generate large amount of energy. Physicists are trying hard to utilize solar energy to its maximum and therefore solar plants are being encouraged where large number of solar panels in wide area are being affixed to trap maximum solar energy to generate electricity. Besides solar panels, solar lighting, solar pumps, solar chargers, solar fans, solar heaters for hot water are created and encouraged to have cost-effective renewable solar energy conversion into different forms of energy such as electrical energy, heat energy etc.("Solar Panels"). Trapping solar energy to generate various forms of energy is another way to imitate the process of photosynthesis. Plants are an inspiration for humans to make maximum use of natural energy source, the solar energy in the most advantageous

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Proposal - Essay Example an identifying the underlying factors for the proposal, such as saying the relocation will save costs, or improve business activities, or streamline distribution. Maybe something like: â€Å"This business relocation proposal identifies an environmental analysis of Durham North Carolina which identified this region as the best business opportunity for change initiatives. This will impact our sales and marketing divisions as well as human resources†. This way, it addresses a specific group of people in the firm. The purpose of the proposal is to identify the most appropriate location for business relocation. It suggests the regional attributes which make Durham an inviting relocation area. It is clearly stated in the first paragraph, when it is cited that research suggests several key elements about Durham which support the need to move business there. However, again, it is suggested that some element is added to the first section which highlights the importance of these characteristics to the business, as that is the main reason for relocation efforts. Message.   Is the message well organized?   Is it well developed with ample use of examples and specific details to support the purpose of writing?   If not, what can be done to improve the writing in this area? The message is very well-organized and visually pleasing. There is a great usage of charts and diagrams which support the main points of the proposal, from quality of life, transportation, and governmental incentive programs. In fact, the visual aspects of this proposal STRONGLY support the premise and purpose of the relocation research project. The main thing missing from this proposal are the impacts to the business from an organizational perspective. It clearly defines Durham and its attributes, but does not (anywhere really) suggest how Durham will impact the internal and external capabilities of the business. Now, this would likely be left up to the writer as to how in-depth the business perspective

Analysis of the Moto X Advert in the New York Times Essay

Analysis of the Moto X Advert in the New York Times - Essay Example The messages spread have had different effects on society with some having devastating results in the form of many disfigured minds. A villain who spreads this phenomenon is punishable by law, and deserves to be apprehended. However, this is not possible as it cannot be touched and therefore apprehended. This is because the villain guilty of these charges is the advertising for different products that exists in various forms of media. From our child years to the adulthood stage of life, the advertising that is everywhere like the air we breathe, spreads ideas that our minds feed on flooding them with fuzzy perception towards life. The common depthless idea portrayed in advertising images of today is the perception that perfection in life and happiness goals shared by individuals are easily attainable through the use of the products depicted in the images used in the adverts. Generally, advertisers use this technique to market their products through maintaining a grip on the consumers ’ minds by keeping them coveting the lives in the adverts (Beasley and Marcel 15). This happens at the expense of consumers losing their focus on the more meaningful aspects of life. This principle is behind many print adverts in many magazines as in the Moto X Smartphone adverts. In the Wednesday July 3rd issue of the New York Times, advertisers posted a splitting image to advertise the new Smartphone that suggests the phone to be in the leagues of new generation innovative Smartphone available in the market through the use of various imaging techniques. Using imagery that attests to social and economic desires, special effects, color use, text and advert general layout as well as its placement, Motorola X Smartphone advertisers are making a statement that owning the phones makes one a part of a young urban generation, which has an affinity for technology innovations and economic mobility. Core arguments The adverts core argument lies in the statement â€Å"The first Smartp hone you can design yourself† ("Moto X" 6). This portrays the Moto X’s customability to as one that focuses on the needs of the consumer. The argument thus argues that the phone is specifically designed to address the needs of the American population, as it is â€Å"as unique as you are†. The statement, â€Å"Designed by you. Assembled in the USA† is used as the claim for the advert carrying the whole idea used in the marketing of the product ("Moto X" 6). This statement claims that one should be able to design his or her own Smartphone. The ad emphasizes the fact that unlike most Smartphone in the American market, the Moto X is assembled in the United States and is therefore designed for the American people. This claim may be harmful to the markets of the United States as it may incite the resistance against products produced in foreign countries especially Asian countries that where most consumer electronics are based. Target market The target market of the advertisement can be looked at from two directions. First, the advert simply targets the American people. The claims that the phone is the first Smartphone assembled in the United States specifically targets the American population as it seeks to distinguish the production of the phone from the production processes of the other Smartphones in the market. The portrayal of the product a one that is local seeks to bring a sway of the American people based on their patriotism. The other target market view is based on the phone’s customability. The ad states that the Moto X is the first Smartphone that allows one to design him or herself ("Moto X" 6). As such, the advert seeks to portray the phone as one that allows the consumer to customize it to suit his needs. The main aim

Describe a political actors role in international public law Research Paper

Describe a political actors role in international public law - Research Paper Example At the same time, another best case scenario is approaching proper channels to punish as well as restraint the aggressors. So, if a nation or its leader or group of people indulges in violent activities, it has to be countered not through another cycle of violence, but through a sound legal approach. If a leader or certain individuals of a country initiate and indulge in violence or other criminal activities, they will have to be punished by the legal system, practiced in their country. However, some times, if that leader or individuals manipulate and negatively influence the domestic legal system in their favor, its purpose will be defeated. In that scenario only, the international legal system comes into the picture to rein that specific nation or leader or individuals. This positive avenue could also be blockaded, if they refuse to cooperate or being trialed under the international legal system. So, this paper will analyze the international legal systems, its effect on human right s and importantly on a country’s sovereignty with specific focus on United States of America (USA). Vestiges of multilateralism There are only few institutions which can be considered as the last vestiges of multilateralism in this unilateral leaning world. ... This legal order equates all the nations and disciplines the nations in all aspects especially human rights. Even while focusing on this multilateral perspective, there is also the other side of the coin, as certain countries are skeptical about this international legal order particularly United States of America. These countries abhor the participation of international institutions in their domestic affairs, and instead state that their local legal system is apt enough to handle those affairs. â€Å"†¦they hold that States remain the leading source of all international rules—the limiting factor that ensures that international relations are shaped, and remain anchored to, the politics of the sovereign state† (Held, 2002). Most countries of the world would not want or allow outside interference in the internal affairs of their country. Moreover, if it is a military form of intervention they will oppose it or even fight against it. â€Å"Few countries of the world, large or small, would agree to entrust their security or other vital national interests entirely to a multilateral institution† (Jayakumar, 2003). They will not trust the international institutions and would not allow them to mediate or put their citizens under trial or even prosecute them. Based on the leverage, nations give to these international institutions regarding their ‘internal affairs’, Held had formulated three models, classic sovereignty, liberal international sovereignty and cosmopolitan sovereignty. The model ‘classic sovereignty’ gives the countries a free reign regarding their internal affairs without outside interference, and so it is also the law of

The Journals of Susanna Moodie Essay Example for Free

The Journals of Susanna Moodie Essay One of the finest collections of poetry known is The Journals of Susanna Moodie, reiterating several poems contoured to environmental factors. Most of the poems are interconnected and weaves a cumulative effect on the reader. Of course, the cohesiveness comes from one persona, which is Susanna Moodie. Significantly, this book utters a woman’s growth and development into another land where light, darkness, trees, and fire form an important story in Moodie’s life. For instance is Moodie’s transformation in a foreign land, translated by light protruding into darkness. Sensibility on Moodie’s part will enhance the captivity of making such values on the environmental influences during and after her migration (Bilan, 2007). In this book, Atwood emphasizes the lack of connection a person has with a specific land. The â€Å"light† specified in the character of Moodie derives an inner margin between the land and the protagonist. The first of the three journals conveys the initialized entrance of Moodie unto a foreign space. It is described that Moodie sees herself as a light shedding to rocks. It seems that she already knew herself as a foreign character. Seen in this book, is the addressed change through acceptance and eventual exploration of greater self. Susanna Moodie is the protagonist, where she lives in the period of the 19th century, as an English immigrant to Upper Canada. This book is composed of eighteen poems under three journals. The first journal entails Moodie’s journey across the Atlantic and up the St. Lawrence where her departure becomes a difficult undertaking. Her migration has caused several deaths among her children. Following this event is her husband’s work as sheriff in Belleville. In the second journal, Mrs. Moodie experiences the haunting of the difficulties she had known in her past, which eventually links to what she has become in the third journal, a haunting ghost (Hammill, 2003). The Planters This poem sees how their adaptation comes in the unknown land. In the first stanza saying, â€Å"They move between the jagged edge Of the forest and the jagged river On a stumpy patch of cleared land. † (Atwood 16) Clearly, the stanza reiterates the difficulty of migration. Somehow, there is a description of their origin, â€Å"jagged† meaning diverse or interchanging life. On the next verse, ‘stumpy patch of cleared land,’ the characterization of the foreign land looked civilized to her or quiet. This description may also mean silence, where there is no one to cling to because of adapting to a new culture. The next stanza focuses on her husband’s and other neighbor’s status on their quest. Identified by describing how they foster their imminent work in the fields, she describes their hard adjustment through exploration uttering, â€Å"my husband, a neighbor, and another man Weeding the few rows Of string beans and dusty potatoes They bend, straighten; the sun Lights up their faces and hands, candles Flickering in the wind against the† (Atwood 16) It seems as though their work is very hard. Mrs. Moodie knows that their migration costs a lot than it should and the primary factor beaming is their culture. She also sees that their experience is similar to what other persons like them endure. The sun emphasized are the superiors, she sees her husband and the other who work as only candles, â€Å"flickering† or unsure of what they are doing. In addition, the instability portrayed may come from the sense of viewing their upholding traditions or what they are used to. Connected to this proposition is still the diffidence they feel on a foreign land. As said in the following, â€Å"unbright earth. I see them; I know None of them believe they are here. They deny the ground they stand on. † (Atwood 16) Their uncertainty dictates their actions. Moodie knows the unpleasant fact of their migration. Hence, the acceptance should be obscure rather than clarified. In a sense, the viewed party is undermined not by the consequences but of experiences they reach. She accepts yet another hurtful fact of their stay in that cleared land, as she utters of their future troubled but coping, to the unknown world. â€Å"pretend the dirt is future. And they are right. If they let go Of that illusion solid to them as a shovel,† (Atwood 17) Uttering these words would mean of the unpleasant pursuit dictated by their present status. Dirt would mean the strange, unacceptable, and unworthy but still, they have to and need to approve of it as part of their lives. She accepts it, spoiled and impaired. She acknowledges that if they try to accept that fact, stated as â€Å"solid to them as a shovel,† they are doomed. Finally, she identifies of the unknown world vehemently depraved of freedom, stating, â€Å"open their eyes for a moment To these trees, to this particular sun They would be surrounded, stormed, and broken In upon by branches, roots, tendrils, the dark side of light As I am. † (Atwood 17). Mrs. Moodies know of her position. She knows that similarly, other people superior to them determine her fate. Her understanding of that freedom, when persevered to the highest will result to a much bigger problem. She describes it by trees, its members, that they are the darker side of light. Generally, Mrs. Moodie experiences alienation from the verge of Victorian era. Her perception is more complex than any other is, more than her husband and those having similar fate. The separation of dark and light begins to break down unto her senses. Paths and Thingscape Explained in this entry is the attempt of Mrs. Moodie to take course of assimilation, though she is unsure of what she is doing. She wants this to happen, as she ventures into a new world. In these words, she starts to wander of other person’s embrace of the new world, asserting, â€Å"Those who went ahead Of us in the forest Bent the early trees So that they grew the signals: The trail was not among the trees but the trees† (Atwood 20) Again, she sees superiority over those who went ahead of her. She becomes the observer of the future unfolds of to the people comparable to her status. However, she dreams of awakening herself and accepting what these trees offer. She expresses what others dream of, extolling of the detriments, â€Å"and there are some, who have dreams Of birds flying into shapes Of letters; the sky’s codes; And dream also The significance of numbers (count petals of certain flowers). (20) The endowment of certain plans to make their future pleasant upholds her wishes of a better future. It supports her adaptation to the new land. Even though it proclaims of an uncertain trail held by people superior to them, still, she manifests of her justifications as correct. Guided by uncertainty and mere courage she advances into a more treacherous state of adjusting, she exalts of her undertakings, â€Å"In the morning I advance Through the doorway: the sun On the bark, the inter- twisted branches, here a blue movement in the leaves, dispersed Calls/no trails; rocks And grey tufts of moss† (Atwood 20) Her endeavor of finally settling to new pastures becomes wide and unsurpassed. She feels more comfortable of telling her spiritual bereavement over many things. More importantly, she endures of freedom like any body else and cannot commit herself to dependence. However, she feels insecurity of what is hiding unto the depths of the new world. She picks up the obligatory impression parallel with the others who dreamt of liberation. She exclaims of her concerns, â€Å"The petals of the fire- Weed fall where they fall I am watched like an invader Who knows hostility but not where The day shrinks back from me† (Atwood 21) Her definition inclines a surety of purposeful downfall after an undertaking. She exceeds advancement but treats it as a threat and not a triumph. Her overwhelmed quest modifies the true picture of the superiority over her and excludes courageous acts. However, this comprehensive characterization of Mrs. Moodie’s opinions may be false, as some elements may prove supportive of what she plans or does. The transformation possible ends in a negative opinion rather than a separate entity. What she does not conceptualize is the harmonious feeling of the subjective entities around her. Even though this is partially correct, she gratifies each vision as complete though it is not.

Relationships between Indians and English at Jamestown Essay Example for Free

Relationships between Indians and English at Jamestown Essay Before the English founded Jamestown in 1607, the Pamunkey Americans who lived in the Chesapeake Bay area were aware of the other culture overseas (Kupperman, 1). The Americans had watched the establishment and eventual abandonment of the Roanoke settlement some twenty years before Jamestown and gained knowledge of English society (1). European ships frequented the bay for trade. A Pamunkey man, who the Spaniards took back to Spain and baptized as Don Luà ­s de Velasco, returned to his homeland in 1571 and further informed the Pamunkeys (1). Though the English would become dominant, the Native Americans might have been the more erudite of the two cultures to clash. Europeans sent reports home from America and told of complex native civilizations and formidable tribes (Kupperman, 1). In time, the English came to assume that Americans were accomplished people living in highly developed societies and to rely their crops and supplies when needed (1). If one successful population could thrive on that land, then another could surely overtake it ultimately (2). The Pamunkeys had their own sights for a newly established Jamestown (Kupperman, 1). They understood the typical European behaviors and manipulated them to exert control (1). With over thirty tribes under Pamunkey leader Powhatans command, the natives kept the mostly inept English apprehensive and directed the trading of goods (1). The colonists traded for and exported furs and gold to Europe (1). For the Americans, metal tools, copper ornaments, glass beads and other Europeans products benefited them greatly in exchange (1). The Pamunkeys and their allies had power over the trade westward inland, therefore expanding their influence (2). True to form, the English settlers were incompetent with coping in the New World and became dependant to the natives for support (Kupperman, 2). As the two sides learnt more of each other as they mingled, mutual relationships formed (2). The English wasnt completely destitute, however, and recuperated under Captain John Smiths leadership (2). The Americans and the English became relatively amicable, but after Smith left the colony, the  relations deteriorated and conflicts rebounded (2). Meanwhile, retrogression in Europe drove more desperate people to seek life elsewhere, even in a foreign land. Despite that the battle-mottled situation in Jamestown, the English colony grew stronger, invested successfully in tobacco exportation, and ceased to count on Native Americans for help (Kupperman, 2). Instead of being exploited, the balance of power shifted and became more advantageous for the English. This has been: Examination of Relationships found in Indians and English Meet on the James by Karen Kupperman, www.iath.virginia.edu/vcdh/jamestown/essays/kupperman_essay.html

Factors to Consider Before Merger and Acquisition

Factors to Consider Before Merger and Acquisition CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1. Background to the research According to the Chambers 20th Century dictionary the research could be defined as a â€Å"Systematic investigation towards increasing the sum of knowledge†. It was also stated as â€Å"An endeavor to discover new or collate old facts by the scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical investigation† in the Concise Oxford Dictionary. (The Concise Oxford Dictionary) Research can also be defined as the process which helps to find something new or it helps in clarifying certain doubts about the research that was being done already. This research looks in to the factors that encourage business organization all over the world to engage in the process of mergers and acquisitions (MA). It also examines the factors and incentives on the basis of which the MA have been a continuous popular strategy for the firms for expanding their businesses. Why and what type of firms will engage in this process. This research also helps the firms to understand the benefits that they can get from the MA process. There are various other growth and diversification strategies like franchising, licensing and Joint ventures which are popular amongst the business organizations. This research also discussed the challenges that firms face while engaging in the process of MA. MA is not an easy process because it is difficult for the organizations that are previously competing with each other to join and work together as one new entity. Organizations have different culture; they are using different management practices. It is very difficult for the employees to adjust to the new culture of the organization. In this research it is also going to be found out that what benefits that a firm can get after a successful MA process. Mergers and acquisitions is an issue of great academic interest. There are studies about this issue in the field of industrial economic and strategic management as well as on organizational theories. Especially in the current economic situation, where companies are facing liquidity problems and facing tough competitions from their rivals, MA is an important survival strategy as well for the organizations. With the globalization and the world is being a global village, the need for companies to join together and to cater the needs of the customers have to work together. The phenomenon of MA is equally popular amongst the firms with same kind of business as well as for the organization in different business. The firm that is discussed as a case study in this research is a big pharmaceutical company of the world. After the merger the company became the biggest pharmaceutical company of the world. In year 1998 the volume of business through the MA process was 2.4 trillion. This increases every year with more and more companies are entering the process of MA. In this research the case study GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was discussed. It is going to be evaluated in this research that how the organization benefitted from the merger and acquisition process and whether it was a successful merger or not. In this research the definitions of MA given by different authors and the types of mergers were also discussed. The motive that attracted the organization to involve in the process of mergers and acquisition and the benefits that they got from this process was also discussed. MA is a complex process that involves two different companies, having their separate identity, so the problem arises in the integration process after the MA. In order to measure the performance of GSK the financial statements are analyzed. 1.2. Significance of the Study This research will help in finding out the factors that encourages companies to engage in the process of mergers and acquisition (MA). What are the factors that firms have to consider while starting the process of mergers and acquisitions? It is also going to be find out in the research that why companies are using MA as business expansion strategy for the growth of their business both in the International as well as local markets. This research will help in better understanding of the issues that are involved in the process of MA. The firms have to look at the human resource aspect of the mergers and acquisitions instead of just considering the financial and business aspect. Apart from the factors and parties involved in the process of mergers and acquisitions it is also going to be find out that what are the factors that have to be managed in the process, otherwise they will result in the failures of the whole process of MA. This study will also help the companies who are planning to engage in the process of MA about the relationship between the parties involved in this whole process. Globalization has made it easy for the firms to interact with each other, share their experiences about the markets, made strategic alliances to expand their businesses. This study will help in understanding the fat that how firms are using the mergers and acquisition as international business expansion strategy. It is also going to be find out in this study that why companies adopt the MA to expand their businesses in the international as well as national market when they have other business expansion strategies available to them like Strategic Alliances and joint ventures. 1.3. Statement of Purpose The purpose of this study was to find out that what were the factors that encouraged firms to engage in the process of mergers and acquisition? This research was going to evaluate the different business growth and expansion strategies that firm are using in order to expand their businesses. As GSK was taken as case study for discussing the mergers and acquisition as a business growth strategy, it was also going to be discusses that why GSK selected MA as a growth strategy to expand their business. This research also looked into the factors that encouraged firms in general and GSK in particular to involved in MA process. It was also going to evaluated that what were the positive points, that GSK would get after their merger and what were the challenges that GSK faced in the during merger and pre merger phase . In order to evaluate the performance of the GSK in this research the financial statement of the GSK was evaluated so as to saw the performance of the company in the post merger stage. This research looked at the annual turnover of the GSK after their merger so as to see that how much growth company had after the merger. In this report the earning per share (EPS) of the GSK was discussed and compared over few years in order to get the feel of that how well the company was working and how much benefit, the shareholders of the company had of their MA. The purpose of doing this research to help the students, researchers and companies to understand that how they can merger and acquisition effectively in order to expand their businesses. This research is really helpful full for the companies who are interested in doing mergers as they come to know through this research that what are the benefits they can get after the MA process. They will also come to know through this research that what will be the challenges that they will have to face if they want to be a part of mergers and acquisition process. This research will provide will help the firms who are interested in the process of mergers and acquisition to understand that how they will face with the problem of cultural differences if they are going for mergers with organizations from others cultures. They will also come to know that how important is the proper integration of cultures and integration of different department of the organization in the successful process of MA. 1.4. Aims and objectives This research will help the companies who are planning to engage in the process of mergers and acquisitions. They come to know through this research that what factors they have to take into consideration while going for mergers and acquisitions. What are the benefits and what are the negatives of MA. Who are the parties that are involved in merger and acquisition? The research has several aims regarding mergers and acquisitions of companies, especially Glaxo and SmithKilne. Merger and Acquisitions are never easy as many companies fail in their initial steps but some of them succeeding as well although number of failure is high. They fail because they could not recognize the actual factors on which they are doing mergers and acquisition. There are several factors upon which merger and acquisition takes place like HR, lack of capital, IT, lack of expertise, need for globalization and it is not necessary that companies do merger and acquisition on all factors but it depends on companies strategies and requirements as well. But in todays dynamic environment companies do merger and acquisition for increase their efficiency and effectiveness; companies have increasingly used mergers and acquisitions to change the scope and/or competitive environment of their business. Other factors which are useful in successful mergers and acquisitions are communication, corporate culture and change for surviving. In this project the researcher will discuss the factors that have impact on before, during and after merger and acquisition. Researcher will also look into the financial statement of the GSK for the last three years to determine that whether the company grows in its market price per share and price earnings ratio. That is the main indicators that determine the performance of the company. 1.5. Research Questions What factors encourages firms to adopt mergers and acquisitions as an international business strategy? What are the other international business expansion strategies available to firm? What benefits are likely to be gained by the firm, under the international business expansion strategy in mergers and acquisitions? What factors encouraged GSK to engage in merger and acquisitions? What are the benefits of MA? What are the challenges faced by the firm while engaging in the process of mergers and acquisitions? What strategies could be implemented to enhance the international business operations? CHAPTER 2 Literature Review 2.1 Business Expansion and Growth Strategies Businesses can expand or grows by number of ways. Whatever type of choice there may be, the business owners are on the hot seat because they have to make judgments, they should consider the best available choice that are in line with their main objective of expanding or growing business. In order to provide an initial understanding of the basic business growth and expansion strategies, some of them are discussed here. Directly exporting, Indirectly exporting with the help of middle man, producing product in the target company, Franchising and joint ventures, strategic alliances are some of the methods that companies all over the business world are using to expands all over the world. Apart from methods mentioned above, Mergers and acquisitions are the method that big multinational companies in all business sectors are using to expand their businesses internationally as well as in domestic market. Firms are using MA as an expansion growth strategy in order to cut down their cost of unnecessary advertisement and other marketing programmes that they are using in order to capture new markets with the help of MA. Companies diversifies their businesses so that they can enter new markets. 2.1.1 Business expansion through Geographical expansion It is the first and foremost aim of every business to grow in term of capturing new markets as well as in the financial terms. It is easy with the help of MA process, two companies that were previously competing with each other and spending a lot of their financial resources on un necessary marketing their products, can join their hands with MA process to capture new geographical markets. GSK after their mergers captures big market of Europe, Asia, USA and Japan. In most of the world GSK, after their merger became the biggest pharmaceutical company of the world. It is important to know that what are the methods, modern small, medium and large businesses are using in order to expand their businesses internationally. Some of the methods that organizations are using to expand internationally and in the local markets are as follows; 2.1.2 Ansoffs Growth Matrix (Product Market Mix) In order to understand the growth strategies, one of the common business strategy frame work is called as Ansoffs Growth Matrix. This matrix is developed by H. Igor Ansoff, a strategic management guru. This matrix helped organization in establishing a direction for the growth. In this growth matrix product and market are taken against vertical and horizontal axis. It helped organizations to understand the factor that how they grow their business. They can either enter the existing market with new product or they can enter the new market. (Campbell and Craig 2005) 2.1.3 Market Penetration In this kind of growth strategy the firm actually wants to sell more of its product in to the existing market. The firms want to grow their business by capturing more market share, for that firm allocates more of its resources to product development. This is less risky because the firm already knows the market. (Campbell and Craig 2005) 2.1.4 Market Development In this strategy the firm tries to enter the new market with the existing products. This happens when the firm wants to sell their existing product to new geographical markets in order to capture them. In this strategy firm has to invest highly on the marketing and sales department, in order to pursued customers to purchase their product. (Campbell and Craig 2005) 2.1.5 Product Development This strategy necessitates on the development of new product for the existing markets. In this strategy the organization had to invest highly on the research and development. Firms have to come up with new products that are in accordance with the current trends and needs/tastes of the customer. (Campbell and Craig 2005) 2.1.6 Diversification Diversification is the highly risky strategy. In this strategy firms want to sell entire new product in the entire new market for entire new customers. Diversification is of two types, related diversification and unrelated diversification. Related diversification is the one in which firms stick to the business in which it already are working. Unrelated diversification refers to the strategy where firm enters in to the entirely new business. (Campbell and Craig 2005) 2.1.7 Franchising Franchising is a business growth model in which the franchisor not only sells the its trademarks to the franchisee but despite of that he provides the franchisee with the whole business model that includes, accounting system, processes, training and technical and marketing support as well. This kind of business expansion model is very common in retail, food business, as well as in the service sector. As GSK is a big multinational company that is involved in the pharmaceutical industry so, business expansion models like Franchising are not suitable for them. 2.1.8 Licensing Licensing is another form of business expansion strategy that is very similar to the franchising. It worked the same way as franchising but in licensing licensor only allow licensee to use their intangible assets and in return gets royalty fees on monthly or annual basis. Intangible assets include patents, formulas, designs, copyrights and other intangible assets. This type of strategy was also not feasible for big company like GSK. 2.1.9 Strategic Alliances Strategic alliances are a kind of business expansion strategy in which two potential or actual competitors enters into a cooperative agreement. This is usually used by the companies, that are interested in entering the markets with less risks and they want to divide their initial fixed cost for starting a business. There are few other methods apart from the ones that are discussed above. Some companies used to expand their businesses by exporting, some like to go for joint ventures. 2.1.10. Mergers and Acquisitions Mergers and acquisition is the method that is used by the firms all over the world in order to expand their businesses. According to a research, the total volume of mergers and acquisition business in year 1998 was 2.4 trillion. Mergers and acquisition is the kind of business expansion strategy that was used by GSK. Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham were the companies that are in the same business of pharmaceutical and healthcare products. GSK selects mergers and acquisition because it is easy for the manufacturing companies in the same trade and having almost same culture. A major factor in the mergers of the two firms was the suitability of the process for both the organization. After the MA of the two organizations they became the largest pharmaceutical company of the world. 2.2 Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) Merger and Acquisition have been discussed by the Strategists and been at the centre of management research as a quick and efficient way to expand their business and to get into new unknown markets, to create competitive advantage, to have spread risk and dominate existing market as well. 2.2 Definitions of Mergers and Acquisition Merger and acquisition is usually defined as a coming together of two companies however although people thought merger and acquisition to have same meaning but technically its different. An acquisition can be defined as the process of taking over of another, firm in which firms develops its own current situation by acquiring other firms resources and competencies (Johnson and Scholes 1999). Acquisition could also be defined by (Bowman and Asch 1996) as a process in which a firm acquired the shares and assets of other companies, liabilities and as well as its trading activities. Business all our the world are learning the fact that they have to find strategic partner, if they expect to be successful in todays globalized business world even big huge multinational companies are looking for companies in national as well as international markets with whom they can make strategic alliances. In order to operate in another country a firm has to get license for its product; get raw material or other stuff from local suppliers to meet the requirement of â€Å"local or domestic content† and so on. In order to overcome and avoid those difficulties firm develop global strategic alliances and strategic networks (Coffey, Cook and Hunsaker, 1994). Companies, Firms are always looking for partners with whom they can balance their strengths and counterbalance their weaknesses. This thing helps companies to achieve greater sales and economies of scale (Coffey, Cook and Hunsaker, 1994). Concept of merger and acquisition is not, new in Europe. This concept is reforming the financial landscape of the global business world from the last three decades and the most number of businesses grouped together in USA. It was shown from the data available that in 1998 more than $1 Trillion were spent on the activities of MA. Banking industry occupied the major part in the activity (Hitt et al, 1998). Acquisition is usually seen as a part of the growth of particular firm but some also believes that it was also often used by firms to save their dyeing and diminishing industries. Business growth could either be external or internal. Internal growth was in the form of investment in new or second hand plant or machinery or acquiring an existing going concern organization i.e. the example of external growth. A firm would choose amongst the internal and external growth according to its own requirements by thoroughly studying it as which one was more profitable. An acquisition is a bilateral agreement where the owner accepted the cash and securities or the mixture of both of these in returns of the shares in existing company. (Chiplin and Wright, 1988). Chiplin and Wright (1988) stated that, merger could also be defined as a process in which two companies decided to come together to shape a new legal body. Sian Herbert Jones (1982) defined merger â€Å"as a marriage between two companies of roughly of the same size†. The bigger company in the process usually controlled the assets of the new entity. The shareholders of the companies will have to exchange their shares with the newly created companies. A merger can also be defined as a process in which one firm amalgamate with another firm and disappeared in the new company. All mergers were accepted by the governments as they were in accordance with the laws of the states where they actually happened as well as they were also on the official scale. (Reed S. etal 2007). The number of mergers in 1980s has far exceeds the number of mergers in 1960s. Usually in 1960sthe mergers took place between companies of same sizes and in most of cases doing the same business. But in 1980s and 1990s the trends have with eased the MA of companies of different size of business and of dissimilar type of business (Tetenbaum 1999). The tendency of the organization to present in the mergers of vertical nature and the diversification type does not seem to be stop in future. Yet firm that starts merger usually attained small economic profits but value created by MA and that benefitted mostly to the small firm that was reached (Barney 1997). Lubatkin (1983) defined the main reason of acquiring and merger a novel firm to get better overall performance by attaining the synergy effect which is also normally described as â€Å"2+2=5†effect (Cartwright and Cooper, 1993, Hover 1971) between two organizations and that at the end helps them in gaining competitive advantage (Porter, 1985, Weber 1996). (British Institute of Management, 1986, Hunk 1988, Marks 1988, Weber 1996) stated that the successful rate for the firms in the process of MA were around 20 to 60 percent. 2.2.1 Different Types of Mergers and Acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions can take various forms. It depends upon the firm, a firm may choose to invest its recourses away from its current firm but within same type of business or it can decide to move to a complete new industry and invest in the area that is entirely new to it. There are following types of mergers and acquisition (MA). Different authors defined them as 2.2.2 Horizontal Mergers Horizontal merger can be defined as merger between companies that produce identical or closely related products. It can also be defined as a combination of two or more competitor working within the same geographic locality. The merger of Carlton and Granada television on UK as both are television companies to form ITV plc was a horizontal merger same as the example of Daimler and Chrysler link up. Other examples of horizontal merger in Europe in airline industry is the Lufthansa-Swiss International Linkup, Air France-KLM merger and the takeover of Buzz by Ryan air are the examples of horizontal merger in recent past.(Smart and Megginson 2008) 2.2.3 Vertical Mergers Merger in which companies with current or potential buyer relationship combines to create a more integration company, that type of merger can is called as vertical merger (Scott, Megginson, 2008). Vertical merger can be of Forward Integration or Backward Integration. Vertical merger can also be used as a marketing tool like Ford has acquired a financial subsidiary that has make it easy for their customer to obtain finance to purchase their products (Ford Motor Credit). 2.2.4 Conglomerate Mergers Conglomerate Mergers can be defined are of two types. One is called as product extension merger in which firms with similar but exact line of business joins. On the other hand a pure conglomerate merger occurs between companies involved in completely different line of businesses. Pure conglomerate merger is also called as classic conglomerate mergers. Pure conglomerate mergers were very popular in 1960s but it started to decline from 1980s onwards. In year 1984 the merger of car maker General Motors and that of computer consulting firm (EDS) Electronic Data System is a prime example of pure conglomerate mergers. 2.2.5 Concentric Mergers In the concentric mergers the companies might not moved to the different kind of business as they does in conglomerate merger. In this firm expands its activities at the same time measuring of unity of existing activities. This can be done by acquiring technologies that can help the firm in marketing customer type (concentric marketing) or it can also be done by acquiring customers for existing technologies (concentric technology) Jones 1982. The merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKlineBeecham was a concentric merger as both companies were in the business of pharmaceutical and health care products and their merger at that time created the biggest pharmaceutical company in the world. 2.2.6 Strategic Merger All merger are in some aspects are strategic mergers because they starts with having a particular strategy in mind. It can be define by authors and strategist to create an efficient merged company than that of its remerged companies. As it was explained in the definition of strategic merger that all mergers are strategic mergers, similarly the merger GSK was a pure strategic merger because they management of GSK was aware of the fact that they was going to be the biggest pharmaceutical company in the world after that MA process and they were able to reduce their cost of producing new medicines and formulas by economies of scale after merger. They were also expecting to capture the world market by geographically expanding their business. 2.2.7 Non value maximizing Motives and different theories of Mergers The basic motive of merger should be of maximizing shareholders wealth but unfortunately not all mergers are motivated towards the maximization of shareholders wealth. Different authors have given different theories related to non value maximizing motives. According to this theory poorly monitored managers will pursue mergers that will not create value maximization for the shareholder but they are of the view that this will increase the asset value of the company. They think that remuneration is linked with the size of the company, so in order to pursue their motive they initiate and do mergers. Michael Jensen (1986) hypothesizes that the mergers will use free cash flow to the process of merger that will have a negative NPV in order to expand the assets of the firm. So that they will derive greater remuneration from the firm because they are of the view that larger the firm larger will be their remuneration and they can also get personal benefits from the organization. Shleifer and Vishny (1989) purposed that the unmonitored managers try to pursue the projects that have negative NPV so as to increase the size of the firm in order to make them indispensible to the organization because they have the team that has expertise in managing the large organizations. 2.2.8 Hubris hypothesis of corporate takeover Richard Roll (1986) contends that some managers overestimates their qualities and pursue takeovers because they are of the belief that they have capabilities that can manage their takeover targets better than the people who are already managing that. 2.3 Value Maximization and Realistic Benefits of Mergers Numbers of theories are discussed regarding the benefits of MA. Some of theories and the important benefits that firms think that they are getting from MA are as follows. 2.3.1 Synergy Donald (2008) describes synergy as a simple phenomena that suggested that joining together of two companies can helped the organization in creating more share holders value than they have created while working separately. Synergy can be of two types. 2.3.2 Operating Synergy: (Economies of Scale and Scope) Economies of scale and economies of scope were both considered as the part of operating synergy that any organization had after mergers. Studies revealed that both these studies are important determinants in the creation of shareholders wealth (Houston, James and Ryangaert 2001). 2.3.3 Economies of Scale It can be defined as the spreading of the fixed expenses that any firm had over the manufacturing level. The expenses that were considered as scale in this case were the fixed cost in the form of rent, maintenance cost of machinery, depreciation of building, lease payments, interest expenses, and property taxes. that you have to pay, no matter how much production you have. So here the cost is decreased with every unit produced e.g. if fixed cost for producing one unit id  £2 and the firm is producing 1000 units per month. The cost decreased to  £1, half as it was in previous month, if the firm starts producing 2000 units per month in a month and so on (Donald 2008). 2.3.4 Economies of Scope This synergy is refers as by using specialized set of skills or assets that are already there for production related services and products. Like Honda already has infrastructure to produce engines, so they are using those infrastructure to produce items like lawn mowers, snow blowers apart from making engines for cars (Donald 2008). 2.3.5 Financial Synergy (Lowering cost of Capital) The financial synergies helps the organizations in the way that they can either creates higher cash flows or it can low the cost of the capital. Synergy is a stated motive in almost all the mergers and acquisition. Bide (1993) examined the motives of 77 mergers and acquisition in 1985 and 1986 and he stated that in one third of the takeovers synergy is the primary motive. 2.3.6 Diversification Diversification can be refers to the act of a company to buy a firm that was currently out of its previous main business. There were normally two reasons that encouraged firm to go for diversification. The first the acquiring company wants to take advantage of financial synergy that can help them in reducing their costs second being that with the help of diversification firms wants to enter the new product line or new product so as to spread its operation. If a firm is having slower growth rate it can increase its market share as well as increase and expands its market. Investor often perceived companies in unrelated business areas as riskier because it is difficult for top management and they are sometime reluctant and did not have enough financial resources to finance the golden opportunities available to them. (Morck, Shleifer and Vishny 1990). 2.3.7 Strategic Realignment The strategic realignment theory that firms engaged in the process of mergers and acquisitions because they think that this is the easiest way of getting used to of the external environments. Changes came from various sources but the change that is related to the regulatory environment and technological innovation is considered as the most. 2.3.8 Regulatory Changes In recent years companies, where deregulation occurred are seen to have more MA activities. This includes financial industry, healthcare, defense utilities, media telecommunication. There is proof which shows that the takeover activity is more in deregulated industries than that of regulated industry (Jensen 1993, Mitchell and Mulherin 1996, Mulherin and Brooke 2000). Deregulation helps in breaking down of the artificial barriers that exists in these companies. This can be evident by the facts that in now days ba

Analysis of The Ending of Jacobs Wake Essay -- Papers

Analysis of The Ending of Jacob's Wake The ending of a play can be one of purpose, one that leaves you with a sense of completion and fulfillment. In the play â€Å"Jacob’s Wake† the ending was, to say the least, odd. I didn’t really get a sense that the ending belonged to the play. The whole time during the play I was waiting for things to turn around in the family, then all of a sudden the ghost came into play. Though I wasn’t much of a fan of the whole play, I did think the ending could have been done a little better. I thought the ending was trying to portray how things were going to be turned around and that the family was going to work together. Having said this, I think the ending that the director said he was going to leave the play at would have been worse. If the play ended where Rose threw the glass at Winston, I would have left the play completely disappointed. Throughout the whole play, it was the same redundant story line where basically family members would argue. I wouldn’t have felt that I had seen the ending if nothing seemed to change. I felt that even though the ending seemed to just come out of the blue, that it did put things together. All of the brothers and the father pulled together to save the ship, which seemed to symbolize how they actually did care about each other, and wanted to change their way of life. I also felt that until the ending the Skipper never really had a meaningful part, yet the play was supposed to revolve around him. The ending, when the S kipper’s ghost appeared, made me feel for the first time in the play that he had an important part. It made me see that he was the head of the family and that he would guide the family. I thought that the ending finally put some meaning... ... see that the only character that was trying to make things better, Brad, was so tormented that he committed suicide. I didn’t leave the play with a sense hat I learned something from it. The play for me just seemed to carry on into this long path of unhappiness. I would have felt better if something, such as the death of Brad, would have changed the characters’ attitudes. Little seemed to make these characters see that they lived in a destructive household. I did not particularly like the ending, but I do think that it was maybe trying to portray what I was hoping to see. At least the ending did have a change of pace for the play, but I thought that it was just too out of place. I think an ending that was a little more defined or true to life would have suited the play better, and left the audience with a better outlook on the play or even life in general.

Victimization of Minor Characters in Laura Esquivels Like Water for Ch

In a novel, minor characters are never the focus of the plot. Minor characters are present in a novel to affect the major characters and help the character development of the major characters. Minor characters influence the major characters in many ways. One of these ways of supporting the major characters, is the victimization of the minor characters. Two excellent examples of minor characters that impact the major characters of the novels due to the minor characters being victimized is Nacha in Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel and Monica in Silence by Shusaku Endo. Father Rodrigues met Monica for the first time shortly after he has been betrayed by Kichijiro. From the first time that Father Rodrigues encountered Monica, she was already being victimized. She was captured by the Japanese government, her wrists in manacles, reeking of fish, and dressed in rags. Although she was in the worst of situations, she still retained hope, dreaming of martyrdom and heaven. Father Rodrigues can not fathom how Monica was so calm, knowing that she would die soon. Rodrigues asked, But you are all at easeDon?t you realize that we are all going to die in the same way and Monica responded, I don?t knowBrother Ishida used to say that when we go to Heaven we will find there everlasting peace and happiness (Endo 82). Father Rodrigues was barely able to contain himself from screaming at Monica that Heaven was not the place she thought it would be. Already Monica has had an impact upon Father Rodrigues, creating an image of all the Japanese Christians. She has slowly started to put the idea in his head that the Japanese concept of Christianity is not the same concept as Father Rodrigues?s. Another impact Monica had on Fa... ...ta everything she knew about the kitchen. Nacha was victimized by Mama Elena, never being allowed to marry and forced to spend her life watching other people?s wedding, instead of her own. She provided the care for Tita that Mama Elena never gave Tita. Although minor characters are not focused upon in a novel, they can be portrayed as the true heroes of the tale. Minor characters provide the support and supply the confidence in the major characters to continue through major character?s struggle. Without the minor characters, the major characters would have no influence and the plot of many novels would be dry and bland. Nacha in Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel, and Monica in Silence by Shusaku Endo, truly exemplify how the minor characters in a novel can selflessly devote their lives to helping the major characters overcome the conflicts of a narrative.

Women in Bamboozled Essay -- essays research papers

Our team chose to focus on representations of women in Spike Lee’s latest joint, â€Å"Bamboozled†. This theme was attractive to us because we felt the filmmaker had a powerful message to send his audience after viewing the trailer in class. Despite the fact that there is only one woman in a starring role, a multitude of specific and acute ideas are presented by Spike Lee through the film. We were also eager to take advantage of the opportunity to apply what we have learned in class to the thought-provoking and controversial nature of his work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When reflecting upon representations of women, we felt that a continuous motif of women as puppets is present. The lead female character, Sloan Hopkins, is played by Jada Pinkett Smith. She comes across as being under Pierre Delacroix, or his puppet, from her first appearance in the film. The opening scene of the movie emphasizes this as he is yelling at her for not informing him of a staff meeting. Sloan continually apologizes but, not knowing about the meeting, has no reason to do so. Regardless of this fact, she is put down and silenced by Delacroix. He dismisses everything she says and acts as the voice of authority with no consideration of the actual circumstances. She is merely his puppet who has failed. When Delacroix comes up with the â€Å"Mantan Show† idea, Sloan feels strongly against it. However, she is the one who has to research and come up with historical portfolios for the show. She tries to educat...

Merger and Acquisition †Proposal Essay

Chapter -I Introduction Merger, corporate combination of two or more independent business corporations into a single enterprise, usually the absorption of one or more firms by a dominant one. A merger may be accomplished by one firm purchasing the other’s assets with cash or its securities or by purchasing the other’s shares or stock or by issuing its stock to the other firm’s stockholders in exchange for their shares in the acquired firm (thus acquiring the other company’s assets and liabilities). In a merger, institutions combine to form another different institution, which becomes a legal entity in its own right and therefore mergers are not instant events, they are processes .A merger cannot be considered as truly successful unless it also achieves employee satisfaction. This is vital to an organization as a whole. Employee satisfaction is very important and necessary in order to gauge the success of the company. Employee satisfaction reflects the degree to which individual‘s needs and desire are met and the extent to which this is perceived by other employees. Employee satisfaction is generally perceived as the scope of the work and all the positive attitudes regarding the work environment. In this, there are several words which have been describe the impact of merger in staff- †¢ Traumatic  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Disruptive †¢ Distressing †¢ Painful †¢ Uncertainty †¢ Loss in commitment †¢ Dampening on work motivation †¢ Shock †¢ Anger †¢ Disbelief †¢ Depression †¢ Anxiety †¢ Disappointment †¢ Disillusionment †¢ Withdrawal Thus Mergers have become a key part of many corporate growth strategies, with diversification being the primary reason for merging. Banks seek to diversify in order to reduce risks and increase returns, and geographic diversification, that is expanding operations into multiple locations, is used to obtain greater market power. Banks merge with other banks that have branch locations in multiple states in order to reach a larger customer base. The anticipated benefits are less competition and increased profits for the resultant bank. The corporate diversification strategy has led to an increase in bank Merger. The mainly purpose to conduct this study on merger and acquisition of banks and its effect on employee job satisfaction because there has been seen a big change in shape of merger activities after the big financial crises that effects the whole world business strategies in different mode so many employees getting jobless. Every segment of work or business and individuals of the nation is affected by the financial crisis due to the cycle of collecting deposits and lending money chain broken. Peoples do not have the power to save the money in the banks because of less profitability and more expenses that reduced the profitability of the banks too and let them to merge and acquisition themselves with another well-established bank that bear their costs and their existence too. During merger and acquisition activities lots of employees victimize in different terms. They suffer from the stiffed phase of their job. Most of the employee’s job satisfaction level goes ultimate down as they think they will be getting fired or jobless as new management would be come up with new teams of professionals and new procedure of working conditions in this way their morale level affected. Statement of the Problem Whether the banks are public or private the main thing is the success of their business and that depends upon its employees. If the employees are not satisfied from their job, working conditions, work culture, management they can never make the customers satisfied with better quality services. The purpose of this research is to know the effects of Merger on employee satisfaction. Recently, Machhapuchhre Bank Limited merged with Standard Finance and Himchuli Bikas Bank merged with Birgunj Finance, I believe that these institutions are perfect to understand the effects of merger on employee’s satisfaction. Identified Problems * To what extent does change impact on employee movement? * How satisfied are employees of these two banks with their current working environment? * What are the factors that affect employee satisfaction level during a merger phase? Research Objective Based on the above identified problems, the goals of this study are * To identify factors that affect employee satisfaction during a merger phase. * To measure the satisfaction level of employee after merger of bank. * To establish the extent to which employees are satisfied with their current working conditions. Chapter II Literature Review A number of researchers and theorists have been paying attention to know the satisfaction level of employee after merger of bank and institution. Many higher and further education institutions in South Africa are struggling to survive in a context of financial stringency, declining student enrolments and increasing competition, therefore for some of these institutions merging with other institutions in the near future is becoming a strong likelihood (Hay, Fourie & Hay, 2001:100). In an attempt to survive, institutions are reducing costs by cutting down on the number of faculties, redeploying staff and placing a moratorium on overtime pay, conference attendance, new appointments and new capital projects (Bott, quoted by Hay, Fourie & Hay, 2001:100). Hay, Fourie and Hay (2001:100) state that perceptions of employees who will be directly affected by the merging process seem to be very important, as knowledge and understanding of those perceptions will empower decision– makers and ensure that effective management of the merging process can be accomplished; therefore careful consideration needs to be given to particularly personal factors, and employee fears will have to be addressed in the process to ensure effective merging. According to Smit & Cronje (1995:307) when an organisation employs people, it is the manager’s task to diagnose the needs of its employees and formulate strategies to promote personal goal attainment. If workers are able to achieve their personal goals in the work situation, they will be prepared to render outputs that lead to the attainment of the organisation’s goal; therefore it follows that if the individual’s outputs are satisfactory, the organisation will reward him and this, in turn, will satisfy him. Strydom (2005) (as quoted in the Centre for Quality Management journal, S.a.), states that the level of satisfaction that a staff member feels will directly affect his work performance and attitudes, impacting on the company’s success. Strydom (2005) believes that an organisation’s primary objective is to determine the needs of its employees and the ways in which these can be satisfied, therefore research emphasizes the importance of the role that employee satisfaction plays in the success of an organisation. Strydom (2005) further states that organisations need to provide good recruitment strategies and induction processes, strong leadership, personal development opportunities, a positive work environment, recognition of a job well done and good communication to ensure that employees’ needs are met. Phillips Consulting (2005) points out that tackling issues such as employee challenges, motivation, career advancement, performance management and cultural issues are key to the success of any transformation exercise. The employee drives the process and strategy, not the other way round. Researchers have attributed the less than stellar record of M&A outcomes, in part, to how the integration of the participating firms affected the employees of the acquired company (Range, 2006; Schreyogg, 2006; Van Dick, Wagner, & Lemmer, 2004). Furthermore, research has shown that M&As can be a traumatic event in the lives of the individuals and organizations involved in the change. Many employees experience feelings of loss, resentment, and a decline in job satisfaction, and their reactions can lead to the failure of the M&A (Appelbaum et al., 2007; Cartwright & Schoenberg, 2006; Sperduto, 2007). Appelbaum et al. concluded that such human resources (HR) difficulties may add costs to the integration process and undermine the ability of a firm to achieve synergy, and thereby offset the hoped-for benefits of merging. Hunt and Downing (2006) concluded that, in the majority of successful mergers, the purchasers predicted that personnel problems would arise and acted quickly when such problems surfaced. Thus, understanding the job facets that lead to positive job satisfaction may help other business leaders deploy strategies that could increase their chances for achieving successful mergers.

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Going back to the preceding stages of Sigmund Freuds Psychosexual Theory of outgrowth I have been, I recall I have been fixated at my latent period Stage during my elementary years because I was not that free to explore things on my own. I do not strut up with my former(a) grade check takeoff rockets back then that much. I didnt scour play basketball with my near neighbors thats why until now, I do not know how to play basketball.I and my siblings used to stay at spot all day, all night even our parents were not around. We are not allowed to go out of the neighborhood just to be adrift around and talk around. Maybe this is the basis why I do not know how to socialize totally with other people, keeps me of not being hooked up with some of naughty things and vices. And gets me out of risk of exposure and trouble in the way.I look I am a all-round(prenominal) person already, regardless of being my unsocial behavior wherein I backt and I dont soft get involved nor caught up with the jests of my friend and when its my turn, they always find me corny and some sort of out-of-the-world guy. But then, I still thank my parents for raising me up wish this. In such a way that its only me and my family can understand each other. Its kind of selfish though, but I like it that way.

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Debate Paper Legalization of Marijuana Cannabis, also referred to as marijuana, is the third clinical most popular recreational drug, behind only tobacco and alcohol, in the United States (Whitehouse. gov, 2013). Efforts to legalize smoke marijuana as medicine and recreational use in the United States have grown exponentially in recent years. According to the more Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marijuana may help decrease nausea, stimulate appetite, and decrease pain (2006).So many women and men talk about Marijuana like its not a medication.Overall, 6. 9 percent, or 17. million, of the United States population used marijuana in 2010 according to the survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Increase Use of Marijuana, 2011, para. 2).Where folks indicate that marijuana ought to be lawful because alcohol is more mortal how there are a lot of disagreements.

$5. 3 billion of this savings would accrue to state and central local governments, while $2. billion would accrue to the federal government† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d.Marijuana ought to be legal.7 billion per year, but losing potential revenue. Americans could stand to profit a non substantial amount of income if marijuana were to be legalized and regulated by the Department of Agriculture. â€Å"Revenue from double taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2. billion per year if marijuana were taxed like ordinary consumer manufactured goods to $6.Marijuana isnt legal in New Hampshire, whatever the quantity you own.

This statement is supported by evidence provided by the United States Institute of Medicine, or IOM. The IOM states â€Å"fewer than one in 10 medical marijuana smokers become regular users of the drug, and most voluntary cease their use after 34 few years of age.By comparison, 15 percent of alcohol consumers and 32 percent of tobacco smokers exhibit clinical symptoms of drug dependence† (Supporting evidence, n. d.Retail marijuana wasnt the choice among De Beque s steps.President Richard anti Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in 1972.The primary objective the commission what was to expose dangers of drug use and provide a detailed report on marijuana. Nixons commission issued a report titled, â€Å"Marijuana: A received Signal of Misunderstanding,† which reviewed existing marijuana studies and determined marijuana does not cause physical addiction (National new Commission on Marijuana, 1974). Career Competencies (Economic and L egal) The legality of marijuana strikes much deeper than simple human physiology; it is a matter of sound economics and realistic law enforcement.Marijuana is the most commonly used drug among Americans.

Argument Against direct Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as; left lung cancer, low sexual drive (libido), and of utmost importance is to address the concern of medical marijuana as a â€Å"gateway† drug. Addiction has been redefined and continually evolving for decades. Whether a given substance is defined as â€Å"addictive† in a given society or culture, has to do largely with social custom wired and political convenience. Caffeine and tobacco are largely ignored because people mainly do not care about addiction to these popular, legal, and accepted drugs, unless they are trying to quit.Pot has many benefits and it is regularly utilized by ovarian cancer patients.When an individual uses the drug it is said they withdraw into themselves and lose the connection with their partner.Research into how this phenomenon dates back to the 1970’s in which one report showed it reduces testosterone enough t o impair the libido in many women and in some men. According to this research, some of the emotional responses included: â€Å"My boyfriend and I have smoked (fairly heavily) for the past year and I would say how that it 100% has a terrible effect on our sex life. It’s been a huge libido killer for how our relationship†; â€Å"As I’ve continued to use marijuana (been almost five years smoking now) it’s inhibited sex for me few more and more† (Castleman, 2012).Therefore the reason behind marijuanas status isnt really there.

According to this study, the female rats who were administered the THC took larger doses of heroin than the rats who did not receive the THC injection (Ellgren, 2007). Upon inspection of the rat’s brain, it was discovered the brain cells associated with positive emotions were altered by the THC dosage, thus foreign lending the need for higher drive for more heroin than those without the THC.Ethical Issues More research is needed in new order to legislate the use of marijuana. Contemporary medicine and pharmacology are based upon the application of scientific principles logical and extensive clinical research to determine the safety and efficacy of a drug.Medicinal marijuana is possibly the choice of medication.Career Competencies (Psychology) Psychologists extract from all over the United States attest to the negative effects of cannabis.According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental mental Disorders (DSM) a cannabis user can develop; cannabis intoxication- development of maladaptive behavior that developed shortly after or during cannabis use; cannabis intoxication delirium- a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or significant shift attention; cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, with delusions- prominent hallucinations or delusions in excess of those usually associated with the intoxication; and cannabis-induced anxiety disorder- prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions that many causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning American Psychiatric Association, (2000).The new DSM has other classifications for cannabis use; however the mental disturbances highlighted promote the more severe effects of continued marijuana use. Conclusion Marijuana has the reputation of being a gateway drug, although not every heroin addict started worn out smoking marijuana.Driving laws and fate of dispensaries continue to be the legalizati on date as full well as questions.

Taxation of marijuana alone would help the economy. The fact the U. S. is muscular wasting 7.Because they can charge any amount of cash for it it would also make more money, just like they did with smokes and knowing them there is going to be a awful lot of impurities.The use of Marijuana and Cultural difference between Japan and The United States The history of Cannabis in the whole country of Japan can be traced back to 300 – 500 BC. Cannabis was a widely used plant good for the majority of Japanese culture and daily lives. Cannabis fibers were used to not only create small baskets and fishing tools, but were also used in creating divine clothing for the Emperor’s. Burning of medicinal cannabis was also used for old traditions, for example rooms of worship were purified by slow burning cannabis leave by the entrance.Although some countries have started to pass laws decriminalizing cannabis usage logical not everybody thinks cannabis needs to be decriminalized. < /p>

Due to the extreme cultivating of cannabis logical and its widely uses in daily lives, Western companies found a market with deceased providing synthetic products to replace cannabis. Today, cannabis is a drug guarded and considered taboo among the Japanese culture.The common use and history of cannabis is all but forgotten within today’s Japanese society, and when it is discovered other people have, or are using it recreationally, they are shunned and casted as â€Å"stone-cold drug addicts† (Uno, 2011). Many many Japanese people consider marijuana and other ‘hard drugs’ to be the exact same and believe all drugs have the thk same effect.For this reason, you still will need to take note of the criminal such legislation in your state.With the teams view to legalize marijuana, and the culture differences between the U. S. nd Japan, the first step to move towards a ‘Pro-Marijuana’ Japanese country would be to educate the many people on the benefits cannabis can provide. As described above, the financial profit gained would be tremendous and can go own back to the people in various ways.Cannabis may be used for treatment to begin with.

Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. rg/ african American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed.Cannabis comprises a substance referred to.apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Argument: Marijuana is not addictive. (n.Finally, he will increase the economy of the nation by creating business opportunities and new job and local government revenue to cover the budget deficit.

org/en/index. php/Argument:_Marijuana_is_not_addictive Bonnie, R. , & Whitbread, C. (n.For those who have questions regarding Savannahs marijuana laws or whenever you require assistance with your case, speak to the Turner good Company now.druglibrary. org/schaffer/Library/studies/vlr/vlr3. htm Castleman, Michael. Marijuanas Effects on Sex Vary with Individuals.Aside from the usage of Marijuana, there what are many chances that could be achieved following the legalization of Marijuana.

Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana logical and Sex: Surprising Results of This Bloggers Informal Survey. † Psychology Today (1 May 2011).Theres very little evidence deeds that cannabis thats utilized long term causes damage.Ellgren, Maria. â€Å"Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis† (2007). Retrieved from http://publications. ki.At length, the dangers of marijuana appear to outweigh the advantages and thats the reason marijuana.

gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108643. htm Hays, J. (2009).Marijuana, Legal Highs and Illegal drugs in Japan.† Medical Marijuana. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/09/08/usa-drugs-idUSN1E7870N520110908 Olson, D. (1998).