The Role of Autonomy and Responsibility Held by the Bourgeoisie during

The Role of Autonomy and Responsibility Held by the Bourgeoisie during the Industrial Revolution During the Industrial Revolution the population was broken up into two classes the nonage was the rich, industrial middle class, the bourgeoisie, and the majority was the poor working class, the proletariat. The bourgeoisie believed in their rights to gain wealth and preserve individuality and in their duty to maintain these rights, which in turn determined the harsh laboring and living conditions of the working class. The indignities forced upon the lower class also caused movements that challenged the bourgeoisie to alter their beliefs. These included the creation of Communism, the Christian Socialist Movement, utopian models, and other theoretic views. The demands for social reforms from these movements along with the demands from the proletariat and other influential members of society, forced the bourgeoisie to modify their views to include moral justifications for their actions. clean economists invented these justifications. They claimed that low wages were necessary to ensure survival, that the proletariat took advantage of the bourgeosie members, and finally that the proletariat members were responsible for their poor state. The bourgeoisie maintained their rich lifestyle but through their exploitation of the lower class, the proletariat. This exploitation included poor working conditions, child labor, long hours, and low wages. The industrial bourgeoisie established factories in vow to produce the most efficient products at the least expensive cost. These factories, especially mines, were extremely dangerous. Three hundred forty-nine deaths occurred just in the mines of England in 18... ...4 Rogers 149. 5 Rogers 136. 6 Rogers 146. 7 Rogers 139. 8 Rogers 136. 9 Seed, John. Capital and Class Formation in Early Industrial England Social History v. 18 1993 p. 17-30. 10 Rogers 135. 11 Rogers 144. 12 Rogers 145. Bibliograp hy- Rogers, Perry M. Aspects of Western Civilization Problems and Sources in History Third Edition (Upper Saddle NJ Prentice Hall, 1996), 138. - Seed, John. Capital and Class Formation in Early Industrial England Social History v.18 1993 p.17-30. This article provided a synopsis of T Koditscheks Class Formation and Urban Industrial Society Bradford 1750-1850. It showed the roles autonomy and province played in the industrialists influence of the economic, political, and social spheres during this period and illustrated the class antagonism between capital and labor.

Essay --

Shreya ShirodkarMs. LaneAmerican LiteratureJanuary 17, 2014Laurie Halse Anderson Changing the Scope of Young Adult FictionHow do you write about the major, live-changing events of people youve never met? How do you write about sensitive issues in an engaging, but still thought-provoking way? How do you write about your consume demons so that others do not follow your path? Writer Laurie Halse Anderson could provide the answers to these questions. Written at a time when difficult topics, such as sexual harassment, were just beginning to be spoken about, her stories were a combination of her struggles and the struggles of teens across the country. Through her gift of storytelling, Laurie has brought previously taboo topics, such as date rape and depression, to the attention of teenagers and adults domainwide.LIFEShockingly, this world famous young adult novelist did not always enjoy committal to writing. Born in Potsdam, New York in 1961, Laurie initially had trouble reading and wr iting, but versed and eventually excelled in both as a result of the guidance she received from supportive teachers. Laurie specifically thanks her second grade teacher, who helped her realize that writing was cool (Anderson) during a lesson on haikus. Despite her newfound appreciation of writing, Laurie still didnt want to become a writer instead, she wanted to become a doctor (Laurie Halse Anderson) Unfortunately for her, Laurie was not very good at either mathematics or chemistry. For her final year of high school, Laurie decided to do something different. As part of a students exchange program, Laurie traveled to Denmark to study, where she had to work on a pig farm. Her experiences in Denmark helped her to grow into an independent young woman. After... ... kinfolk from WWII. Late at night, Laurie would hear her father shrieking, having nightmares about the war. As her fathers condition worsened, Laurie grew increasingly detached from the man she once knew and loved. Recallin g the pain of that limit in her life, Laurie wrote the story The Impossible Knife of Memory. In the story, the main character Hayley is attempting to take care of her father, who has PTSD. It can be assumed that some of Hayleys experiences were in truth Lauries own experiences. Today, Laurie has moved on from the past and shares a good rapport with her father, who unfortunately still suffers from PTSD (Deutsch).Throughout her youth, Laurie suffered from a disease of her own body image issues. She was made of fun by her peers and was even called Baby Hippo (Anderson). For years, Laurie had an unhealthy relationship with food (???)

Nikola Tesla Essay -- biographies biography bio

Tesla was born in Smiljan, Austria-Hungary (now Croatia) on July 9, 1856. He studied engineering at two institutions in Austria-Hungary--Graz Technical University (now in Austria) and the University of Prague (now in the Czech Republic). Tesla left the University of Prague in 1880, without a degree, after his father died. He then worked for a short time for Austria-Hungarys send for system in Budapest (now in Hungary). In 1882, Tesla moved to Paris, where he worked for the Continental Edison Company.While at Graz Technical University, Tesla had seen a demonstration of a reservoir run as a direct-current (DC) motor. Direct current is electric current that flows in only one direction. During the demonstration, the brushes and the commutator of the motor sparked violently. The brushes are devices that conduct the current in a DC motor. The commutator continually reverses the current so that the motor continues to rotate in one direction. Tesla believed a motor without a commu tator could be devised. In 1881, part walking in a park, Tesla suddenly got an idea for a simple way to produce such a device. In 1883, while on engagement for Continental Edison in Strasbourg, France, Tesla used his spare time to build his first polyphase (out-of-step) AC motor. In such a motor, coils are arranged so that when out-of-step alternating currents energize them, the resulting magnetic field rotates at a predetermined speed.In 1884, Tesla left Europe for the United States and went to work for the journeyman Thomas Edison. Edison see the young engineer but the American inventor was a strong supporter of direct current (DC), and so he had modest interest in Teslas alternating current (AC) generation, transmission, and motor ... ... creation of fluorescent lighting.During his later years he led a secluded, eccentric, and penniless life, nearly forgotten by the human being he believed would someday honor him. Tesla died on Jan. 7, 1943, in New York City. It is ra ther sad that a man who gave the world so much, received so little for his efforts. History books have been unkind as well. Even today, legion(predicate) texts still credit Marconi with the invention of radio, despite the Supreme Court decision which overruled Marconi and awarded it to Tesla. In many parts of this country, people still refer to the electric utility as the Edison Company, even though they use the Tesla-Westinghouse alternating current system. The Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, was dedicated to the inventor after his death and in 1956 the tesla, a unit of magnetic flux density in the metric system, was named in his honor.

battle of hastings recruiting :: essays research papers fc

October 14th of the year 1066 twain armies faced each other near the town of Hastings. 10,000 Norman troops under the curb of William of Normandy faced 8,000 Anglo-Saxon soldiers led by Harold the current king of England.Geoffrey Parker, Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare (Cambridge 1995), pp. 82-3. Harolds 8,000 men consisted of Housecarls, the topical anaesthetic Fyrd, and local village volunteers.David Howarth, 1066 The Year of the Conquest (New York 1977),pp.170-1 The cardinal armies clashed on that day and history tells us the outcome. But what forcefulnesss go into creating an army of these sizes? The three main Anglo-Saxon troop types go away be defined and the forces that created them will be examined below. Three troop types would fight for the Anglo-Saxons the Housecarls, the Fyrd, and local peasantry. The Housecarls were professional soldiers under the service of the King and the Earls of the Kingdom. Harold used the Housecarls of the King and his Housecarls o f his Earldom of Wessex. He also used the Housecarls of his two brothers. The Fyrd was a volunteer citizen army provided by the Thanes of the kingdom. The local peasants fought to protect their homes.David Howarth, 1066 The Year of the Conquest (New York 1977), pp. 80-1. There were two divisions of fyrd in the 11th century one consisting of a local peasant force and the other a select levy force.C. Warren Hollister, Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions On the Eve of the Norman Conquest (Oxford 1962), p. 26.The local peasant Fyrd that fought at Hastings came from Sussex.C. Warren Hollister, Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions On the Eve of the Norman Conquest (Oxford 1962), p.30. All freemen of the area were obligated to provide shelter for the local area. This obligation was connected with financial and agricultural obligations.C. Warren Hollister, Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions On the Eve of the Norman Conquest (Oxford 1962), pp. 35-6. The peasant fighting force is a Germanic tradit ion in origin. Based upon a freemans duty to defend the lands of the king, however the peasant force is a limited army. The king is involve to pay the troops if needed for them to leave the area. The peasants have the right to return to there homes at the end of the day. However, they must provide their own equipment.C. Warren Hollister, Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions On the Eve of the Norman Conquest (Oxford 1962), pp. 27-8. The primary function of the peasant Fyrd was to provide defense against enemies attack from the sea, such as the events at Hastings.

A Comparison of Christians and Buddhists Essay -- comparison compare c

Christians Live for Today, Buddhists Live for Tomorrow Death is perhaps the most difficult aspect of spiritedness humans are forced to deal with. In order to help us cope, we maintain implemented the grieving process--a series of events with the purpose of making finis easier to deal with--into our lives. Not everyone handles death in the same fashion, and each culture has rituals characteristic to itself that may differ greatly from another cultures rituals. Christianity and Buddhism are two religions that have completely different grieving processes, and in a conversation with Ms. Sit-Sen Wong, a Buddhist from Malaysia, this idea was confirmed as a fact. Through life, Buddhists constantly curry for death and the afterlife, while Christians, although concerned about that, focus on enjoying the present life as much as possible. Many factors have contributed to this deduction and wholly are based on the differences in the grieving process rituals between American C hristians and Malaysian Buddhists. Until someone close to us passes away, we forget just how all important(predicate) every minute is that we have. Life is short, therefore, it is necessary not to spend too much time on any one thing. The amount of time dog-tired mourning in America is considerably less than that spent in Malaysia. For example, the funeral and burial, the final outward phases of grieving, takes place, on average, a week after the death of the individual. The Buddhists, however, crave for the soul of the individual every day for six entire weeks. While the Christian view is to grieve, but quickly continue with ones life, the Buddhists feel that they cannot continue until the suppliant process is complete. While a Christian may continue to pr... ... during the service, as the Buddhists focus entirely on prayer. It is evident that the grieving process for Buddhists is far more than structured than that for Christians. This is because the family an d friends of the deceased are the main concern and the soul of the individual is not. The funeral service helps to reassure everyone that the soul is going to heaven, and that we bequeath all meet again. in that location is much comfort found in this that allows Christians to carry on, focusing on this life to reserve their spots in heaven. The Buddhists, however, are certain that the soul will be reincarnated, so it is extremely important to ensure its safe journey. The focus is placed on prayer for the soul, as what one did in life makes pocketable difference in the end. It is because of these factors that the Christians live for today, the Buddhists live for tomorrow.

A Comparison of Christians and Buddhists Essay -- comparison compare c

Christians Live for Today, Buddhists Live for Tomorrow Death is perhaps the most difficult aspect of life humans are forced to deal with. In order to help us cope, we have implemented the suffer process--a series of events with the purpose of making death easier to deal with--into our lives. Not everyone handles death in the alike fashion, and each culture has rituals characteristic to itself that may differ greatly from a nonher cultures rituals. Christianity and Buddhism are two religions that have completely different grieving processes, and in a conversation with Ms. Sit-Sen Wong, a Buddhist from Malaysia, this idea was confirmed as a fact. Through life, Buddhists constantly prepare for death and the afterlife, while Christians, although vexed about that, concentrate on enjoying the present life as much as possible. Many factors have contributed to this deduction and all are based on the differences in the grieving process rituals between American Christians a nd Malaysian Buddhists. Until someone close to us passes away, we forget just how important every minute is that we have. Life is short, therefore, it is necessary not to spend too much time on any one thing. The amount of time spent mourning in America is considerably slight than that spent in Malaysia. For example, the funeral and burial, the final outward phases of grieving, takes place, on average, a week after the death of the individual. The Buddhists, however, pray for the soul of the individual every day for sixer entire weeks. While the Christian view is to grieve, but quickly continue with ones life, the Buddhists feel that they cannot continue until the prayer process is complete. While a Christian may continue to pr... ... during the service, as the Buddhists focus entirely on prayer. It is evident that the grieving process for Buddhists is far more structured than that for Christians. This is because the family and friends of the deceased are the mai n concern and the soul of the individual is not. The funeral service helps to reassure everyone that the soul is going to heaven, and that we will all meet again. There is much comfort found in this that allows Christians to digest on, focusing on this life to reserve their spots in heaven. The Buddhists, however, are certain that the soul will be reincarnated, so it is extremely important to picture its safe journey. The focus is placed on prayer for the soul, as what one did in life makes little difference in the end. It is because of these factors that the Christians live for today, the Buddhists live for tomorrow.

Deception Point Page 34

Tolland looked only partially comforted, his relief apparently clouded by a deeper mystery. I cant be for sure without a microscope, Tolland said, but it looks to me like this is a bioluminescent plankton from the phylum Pyrrophyta. Its name means fire plant. The Arctic Ocean is fil conduct with it. corky shrugged. So whyd you ask if they were from space?Because, Tolland said, the meteorite was buried in glacial meth-fresh piddle from snowfalls. The water in that hole is glacial melt and has been frozen for three centuries. How could ocean creatures get in there?Tollands point brought a long silence.Rachel stood at the edge of the pool and tried to get her mind around what she was looking at. Bioluminescent plankton in the extraction shaft. What does it mean?Theres got to be a crack someplace down there, Tolland said. Its the only explanation. The plankton must have entered the shaft through a fissure in the ice that allowed ocean water to seep in.Rachel didnt understand. Seep in? From where? She recalled her long IceR all over ride in from the ocean. The coast is a good two miles from here.Both Corky and Tolland gave Rachel an odd look. Actually, Corky said, the ocean is directly underneath us. This slab of ice is floating.Rachel stared at the two men, feeling utterly perplexed. Floating? But were on a glacier.Yes, were on a glacier, Tolland said, but were not over land. Glaciers sometimes diminish off a landmass and fan out over water. Because ice is lighter than water, the glacier simply continues to flow, floating out over the ocean like an huge ice raft. Thats the definition of an ice shelf the floating section of a glacier. He paused. Were actually almost a mile out to sea at the moment.Shocked, Rachel instantly became wary. As she adjusted her mental picture of her surroundings, the thought of standing over the Arctic Ocean brought with it a sense of fear.Tolland seemed to sense her uneasiness. He stamped his tail reassuringly on the ice. Dont worr y. This ice is three hundred feet thick, with two hundred of those feet floating below the water like an ice cube in a glass. Makes the shelf very stable. You could build a skyscraper on this thing.Rachel gave a wan nod, not entirely convinced. The misgivings aside, she now understood Tollands theory nigh the origins of the plankton. He thinks theres a crack that goes all the way down to the ocean, allowing plankton to come up through it into the hole. It was feasible, Rachel decided, and yet it involved a paradox that bothered her. Norah Mangor had been very clear about the integrity of the glacier, having drilled dozens of test cores to confirm its solidity.Rachel looked at Tolland. I thought the glaciers perfection was the cornerstone of all the strata-dating records. Didnt Dr. Mangor say the glacier had no cracks or fissures?Corky frowned. Looks like the ice queen muffed it.Dont say that too loudly, Rachel thought, or youll get an ice pick in the back.Tolland stroked his chin a s he watched the phosphorescing creatures. Theres literally no other explanation. There must be a crack. The weight of the ice shelf on top of the ocean must be pushing plankton-rich sea-water up into the hole.One hell of a crack, Rachel thought. If the ice here was three hundred feet thick and the hole was two hundred feet deep, then this hypothetical crack had to apply through a hundred feet of solid ice. Norah Mangors test cores showed no cracks.Do me a favor, Tolland said to Corky. Go find Norah. Lets hope to God she knows something about this glacier that shes not telling us. And find Ming, too, maybe he can tell us what these little glow-beasties are.Corky headed off.Better hurry, Tolland called after him, glancing back into the hole. I could swear this bioluminescence is fading.Rachel looked at the hole. Sure enough, the green was not so brilliant now.Tolland removed his parka and lay down on the ice next to the hole.Rachel watched, confused. Mike?I requisite to find out if theres any saltwater flowing in.By lying on the ice without a coat?Yup. Tolland crawled on his belly to the edge of the hole. prop one sleeve of the coat over the edge, he let the other sleeve dangle down the shaft until the cuff skimmed the water. This is a super accurate salinity test used by world-class oceanographers. Its called licking a wet jacket.Out on the ice shelf, Delta-One struggled with the controls, trying to keep the damaged microbot in flight over the group now assembled around the excavation pit. From the sounds of the conversation beneath, he knew things were unraveling fast.Call the controller, he said. Weve got a serious problem.40Gabrielle Ashe had taken the innocence House public term of enlistment many times in her youth, secretly dreaming of someday working inside the presidential mansion and meet part of the elite team that charted the countrys future. At the moment, however, she would have preferred to be anywhere else in the world.As the Secret Ser viceman from the East Gate led Gabrielle into an ornate foyer, she wondered what in the world her anonymous informant was trying to prove. Inviting Gabrielle into the White House was insane. What if Im seen? Gabrielle had become quite visible lately in the media as Senator Sextons right-hand(prenominal) aide. Certainly someone would recognize her.Ms. Ashe?Gabrielle looked up. A kind-faced sentry in the foyer gave her a welcoming smile. Look over there, please. He pointed.Gabrielle looked where he was pointing and was blinded by a flashbulb.Thank you, maam. The sentry led her to a desk and handed her a pen. Please sign the entry log. He pushed a heavy leather binder in front of her.Gabrielle looked at the log. The rapscallion before her was blank. She recalled hearing once that all White House visitors sign on their own blank page to preserve the privacy of their visit. She sign her name.So much for a secret meeting.Gabrielle walked through a metal detector, and was then given a cursory fondle down.The sentry smiled. Enjoy your visit, Ms. Ashe.Gabrielle followed the Secret Serviceman fifty feet down a tiled hallway to a second security desk. Here, another sentry was assemble a guest pass that was just rolling out of a lamination machine. He punched a hole in it, affixed a neck cord, and slipped it over Gabrielles head. The plastic was still warm. The photo on the ID was the snapshot they had taken fifteen seconds earlier down the hall.Gabrielle was impressed. Who says government is inefficient?They continued, the Secret Serviceman leading her deeper into the White House complex. Gabrielle was feeling more uneasy with every step. Whoever had extended the mysterious invitation certainly was not concerned about keeping the meeting private. Gabrielle had been issued an official pass, signed the guest log, and was now being marched in plain view through the first floor of the White House where public tours were gathered.And this is the China Room, a tour over haul was saying to a group of tourists, home of Nancy Reagans $952 per setting red-rimmed china that sparked a debate over conspicuous consumption back in 1981.The Secret Serviceman led Gabrielle past the tour toward a huge marble staircase, where another tour was ascending. You are about to enter the thirty-two-hundred-square-foot East Room, the guide was narrating, where Abigail Adams once hung John Adamss laundry. Then we will pass to the Red Room, where Dolley Madison liquored up visiting heads of state before James Madison negotiated with them.

College Degree Essay

When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one person to dissolve the bands which has connected him to a low paying c arer with little apprehend for advancement, and to assume that the powers that be go out not offer him the promotions and recognition that he feels he deserves to which the laws of nature and natures God entitles him, a decent respect to the apprehend he has for his future requires that he should declare the steps which he go out take to achieve the goals which he has set for himself.. I have many goals which I hope to achieve through the attainment of my breaker points.For the purpose of this recourse I will delve into three of them. The first goal I have is to attain a in high spiritser paying job. The second goal that I have is to work my way into a position of leadership. Finally, neither my father, mother nor brother has gone to college thereof it is my desire to be the first of our family to attain a degree. In the job market today high paying jobs are at a premium. I believe I heard a statistic once that said the average income for a single income place is around fifty-thousand dollars. I have lived in this income hold and know how difficult it pot be to maintain a household on that income.With a house payment and two car payments and everything else that goes into maintaining a home that can quickly drain a families finances. I recently took a high paying job, in the upper sixties and just that small make up in salary has done wonders for my families cash flow. I hope to attain a position which pays in the nineties to low one-hundreds and beyond. Most jobs which pay high salary require as a requisite that the person in that position has a high level of education. Typically, the higher the level of education the higher the level of pay.I have always had many leadership qualities and I enjoy working with others to help them succeed. Leadership offers a unique opportunity to transmit others and help them along their paths of success. I do not measure my personal success on how high of a leadership position that I can attain but rather the number of people that I can help to achieve the goals which they have set for themselves. Whether it be helping others increase association or accomplish goals or just help them along their journey, I know that from a position of leadership I can help others in this way.That is why I wish to be a leader. Many positions of leadership require that you have degrees to go with your experience, so that is how I am hoping that a college degree will help me. Finally, I have a personal goal of being the first in my family to earn a college degree. Being a raise I know now that the old adage is neat, parents always want their kids to do better in life than they have done. I know this is true of my parents. They have always hoped that I would do better than them and have always encouraged and supported me along that path.When I look back upon my college career it will be with a sense of pride knowing that this is something that my parents wanted for me just as much as I have desired it. I in like manner know that my parents have a great hope and expectation that I provide a good life for their grandson and while money and recognition are not everything they certainly take some of the burden of raising a child off of you. In summation, all of my goals of earning degrees revolve around my son. When my son was natural I immediately knew that I had to return to school.I had been floundering for too long in lower paying positions with little hope for advancement. My father provided a permanent home as I was growing up, we never had to worry about money or food. My hope is that I will provide that and more for my family. By attaining a college degree I put my self into a much better position to attain a position which pays higher salaries. Additionally, it will renounce me to help others by being in a position of leadership. Finally, the p ride that I will have in myself and the pride that I know my parents and family will have in me will make the whole journey that much sweeter.

Partnership Law

The Law of leaguesScott Osborne The applicable law compact execution 1892 (NSW) The relevant law is contained in the confederation Act (PA) of each of the jurisdictions. All argon based on the PA (1890) UK Act. The contractual nature of Partnerships Partnerships atomic number 18 essenti solelyy contractual. Defining a Partnership s. 1 PA 1892 NSW The PA defines a federation as the relation which exists among almostones autorying on a in the flesh(predicate) line of credit in common with a enchant of net income Partnerships argon unincorporated bodies without every separate legal identity of their own.As rightness Barton put it in Cribb v Korn (1911), to be assistants, they moldiness entertain agreed to carry on any(prenominal)(prenominal) vocation. in common with a view to making profits and afterwardswardwards of dividing them, or of applying them to roughly agreed aspiration. SO.. whether a circumstance family is, in law, deemed a union pass on depend on the parties showing that it exhibits all THREE ELEMENTS that the PA 1892 require. They MUST show that they ar 1 CARRYING ON A BUSINESS 2 IN COMMON 3WITH A VIEW TO PROFIT. Defining commercial enterprise s. PA 1892 NSW In Hope v Bathhurst City Council (1980) Justice Mason defined the term melodic line as activities down the stairs admitn as a commercial enterprise in the nature of a passage concern for the purpose of profit on a continuous and repetitive basis. Difficulties backside arise at common law whether a special(a) activity constitutes carrying on a caper. It seems to be a question of fact and degree, for example, Evans v FCT (1989) where Evans won $800k from gambling. FCT said he was carrying on a business for claiming tax from him.Held Evans had non been carrying on a business of punting as his activities lacked system and organization. Justice Hill made the point that all indicia to be considered as a whole. Defining carrying on Seems to mean that on that poin t must be a degree of continuity any in fact or intention. Normally an isolated transaction will not be carrying on a business as in Smith v Anderson (1880) where LJ Brett said carrying on implies a repitition of acts and excludes doing one act which is never repeated.The NSW Supreme Court used similar reasoning in Hitchins v Hitchins (1999) where Justice Bryson said it was characterized as an investment rather than a trade and flow of transactions which could be thought of carrying on a business. provided a P CAN be entered into for a single venture if that is what the parties intend as in Minter v Minter (2000) where court said Today, a single purpose occasion venture does not escape earthly concern a coalition IF otherwisewise it satisfies the criteria for a coalition in the sense of a commercial enterprise with the object of gain or profit.SO.. while continuity/repetition of operations may be a strong indication of carrying on a business it is probably no longer a critic al consideration Chan v Zacharia (1984), Justice Deane. Contemplated Partnerships A mere agreement to carry on a business as partners at some, (even stipulate), sequence in the future does not leave the participants partners UNTIL THAT TIME ARRIVES. If one of the intending partners starts the business early without the consent of the others this will still not constitute a confederacy.Engaging in merely preparatory activities will not constitute carrying on a business Pioneer Concrete Services v Galli (1985) BUT Everything will depend on whether the activities argon really merely preparatory Khan v Miah (2000) Lord Millett said, they did not merely agree to take over and run a restaurant they agreed to find suitable premises, fit them out as a restaurant and run it once they had trammel it up. It was what they had unionly agreed to do. translation of in common There must be some joint participation in a common business Checker Taxicab Ltd v Stone (1930)A driver rented a taxi from the owner and compensable him a % of the fares as commission was held NOT to be carrying on a business in common as no joint participation, no shared rights or duties and each person in reality carried on his own separate and distinct business. The in common requirement does NOT mean that all the alleged partners must take an active part in the business. The test seems to be Does the person who carries on the business do so as actor for the persons alleged to be partners? Lang v James Morrison & Co Ltd (1911) Definition of with a view of profitMinter v Minter (2000) made clear that a view to ultimate profit is essential in a partnership BUT noted that it has not been essential that there be a profit-making motive in the short term. This means that even though the partners are carrying on their business in the expectation that there could be losses INITIALLY the business will still be carried on with a view of profit IF the parties INTEND that it will ULTIMATELY earn profi ts. SO.. even where an enterprise does operate at a loss, the parties INITIAL INTENTION will always have been to run it at a profit (even if the intention was hopelessly optimistic N. B. Stekel v Ellice (1973) parties stated intention may be overruled. How the contract of Partnership arises 1. formally by deed 2. more informally still still in writing 3. by word of mouth agreement 4. partly pen and partly oral 5. can be implied from the conduct of the parties Because partnerships are essentially business contracts the law relating to their formation etc is THE LAW OF CONTRACT. There is NO requirement that a WRITTEN AGREEMENT to evidence parties intention to operate as partners BUT a formal Partnership Agreement has FOUR clear advantages such as 1. ritten agreement will set out unequivocally who are partners 2. it will clearly detail each partners duties, rights and responsibilities 3. if a divergence arises the written agreement can be referred to or should prescribe some pre-ag reed solution or means or arriving at the solution 4. the written agreement will allow the parties to make express and undeniable provision for things that are not covered by the Partnership Act or which although provided for in the Act canbe altered by some express agreement to the contrary if the parties choose to do so. Relationship of Partners to Each otherThe relationship is both CONTRACTUAL and FIDUCIARY. 1. partners are not modal(prenominal)ly permitted to act overleap for the common good 2. their relationship is governed mainly by parties own agreement rather than Statute. The parties fiduciary financial obligations are subject to their obligations under the Partnership Agreement Justice Mason in Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corp (1984) when he said the fiduciary relationship cannot be superimposed upon the contract in such a way as to alter the operation which the contract was intended to have Duty to act for the common goodMust not carry on another bu siness in competition with the partnership Lawfund Australia Pty Ltd v Lawfund Leasing Pty Ltd (2008) BUT If they obtain their fellow partners full-of-the-moony informed consent they may retain the proceeds for themselves Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Ltd (2007) Duration of the Duty Fiduciary duties, in some circumstances, can arise before the partnership formally commences AND they will continue even after profligacy UNTIL the final accounts have been taken. Therefore the obligation not to pursue personal gain can both pre-date and, to a express mail extent, survive the partnership itself as in United Dominions Corporation Ltd v Brian Pty Ltd (1985) UD and B were partners in a shopping centre development project with a third ships company SPL. UD was a major financier of the project and SPL had granted it a mortgage over the land. The mortgage apparently secured not and if the borrowings for the shopping centre solely also borrowings for other projects in which Brian had no provoke whatsoever. The mortgage was granted before the shopping centre partnership had formally come into being but well after negotiations for it had commenced (and at a point when it was clear that B would cross into).Notwithstanding this, neither UD or SPL told B of the mortgages collateralisation clause. When the shopping centre had been finished and sold UD tried to retain all the proceeds of sale (including all the profit) to reduce SPLs indebtedness to it for the other loans. B objected. HELD A fiduciary tariff exists betwixt prospective partners. As a fiduciary, UD had a positive duty not to seek a private advantage without B prior cognition and consent. The same reasoning was applied to Battye v Shammall (2005) Both parties entered into an agreement to train and race three horses in partnership.The plaintiff agreed to pay the defendant $25,000 for a half-share in the horses, not knowing that he had bought them for a total of $30,000. He therefore made a secre t profit of $10,000. This profit had arisen as a direct outcome of the defendants breach of fiduciary duty and he was therefore liable to account for it to the plaintiffs. In impairment of surviving the partnership (until final settlement of the accounts) see Chan v Zacharia (1984) The parties were partners in a medical practice. They fade out it in 1981.The premises was prosecuted and the option to renew the lease had to be exercised by the doctors jointly. After dissolution, but before final settlement of accounts, Dr Chan not only refused to join Dr Zacharia inexercising the option, he actively sought and gained a new lease of the premises in his own name alone. Because consulting rooms were difficult to obtain in the area and because the renewal was therefore a very valuable plus Dr Zacharia sued for a declaration that Dr Chan held his interest under the new lease as constructive trustee for all members of the former partnership.HELD Because their fiduciary obligations cont inued after dissolution, at least as far as was necessary to wind up the watertights affairs, Dr Chan had NOT been entitled to usurp for his own private profit an asset and opportunity which had properly belonged to the partnership as a whole. He was, therefore, required to account for that private profit. In terms of once the partnerships affairs have been completely wound up and final accounts have been taken Metlej v Kavanagh (1981) The parties had practiced as solicitors in a partnership.They had used renting premises and, when they dissolved their partnership, they agreed to continue occupying the premises together but to operate separate practices. Kavanagh subsequently bought the premises and Metlej sued arguing that he was entitled to participate and to buy a one-half interest in the property. HELD While Kavanagh would have been liable to account to Metlej for the opportunity during their partnership he was NOT LIABLE after its dissolution. The same reasoning was applied toSew Hoy v Sew Hoy (2001) Bindingness of the Partnership Agreement s. 5 PA 1892 NSW + ss. 6-9 The Partnership Agreement is only cover on the partners themselves SO the terms in it do not normally have any effect on the rights or entitlements of third parties doing business with the rigid. EG a Partnership Agreement states that any one partner can sign partnership cheques UP TO $50,000 but cheques in excess need to be counter signed by another partner That provision would have no effect on the rights of the erson who accepted the cheque for more than $50,000 bearing only ONE signature UNLESS he had been made aware of the restriction before accepting it. TWO KEY POINTS HERE Restrictions in Partnership Agreements have this restrict effect on third parties because of the doctrines of 1. Privity of Contract 2. Ostensible (apparent) Authority Under the doctrine of Privity of Contract the terms of the Partnership Agreement (the contract) are only wedgeing on and CAN ONLY BE ENFORCED by the actual parties to that contract i. e. the partners.Under the doctrine of Ostensible (apparent) Authority third parties are entitled to apply that those who occupy positions that normally carry certain permission will have that authority UNLESS there has been some express notification to the contrary. Each partner is the de jure agent of his fellow partners for the purpose of doing those things that are usual for carrying on the business of the partnership in the normal way therefore each partner has ostensible authority to do everything that might be regarded as part of the everyday normal functioning of the business.THIS CONCEPT IS NOW ENCAPSULATED IN THE PARTNERSHIP ACT (1892) NSW s. 5 BUT knowledge of the third parties IS relevant Construction Engineering (Aust) Pty Ltd v Hexyl Pty Ltd (1985) Construction Engineering contracted to build houses for Tambel on land that Tambel appeared to own. Construction Engineering was not aware that Tambel was in partnership with Hex yl Pty Ltd. However, their partnership agreement specifically said Tambel was to negotiate and sign the building contract as sole commandment (not as agent for Hexyl or the partnership) and that the partnerships legal interest in the property was not to arise until after he completion of the building. When a dispute arose about payment Construction Engineering alleged that Tambel had entered into the contract on behalf of the partnership and therefore both Tambel AND Hexyl were liable. Held Hexly was not liable while partners can bind one another in contract Tambel had been EXPRESSLY PROHIBITED from entering into the building contract as the firms agent. AND partners actions must be deep down the sheath of business carried on by firm Polkinghorne v Holland (1934)Thomas Holland and his son Harold and Louis Whitington were partners in a law firm. Claimant Florence Polkinghorne was one of Thomas Hollands long time clients but much of her business was attended to by his son Harold Holland. Harold advised Florence Polkinghorne to invest money in a Trust Investment Company that he had formed (which he knew was little more than a shell). Harold later advised her to lend ? 1000 to another of his companies called Secretariat Ltd (which again was little more than a shell).Finally, he persuaded her to become a Director of Secretariat Ltd and to guarantee an overdraft in exchange for a share of the profits. All investments failed Mrs Polkinghorne lost the ? 5000 that she invested plus ? 5475 for which she became liable under her guarantee. Harold disappeared Mrs Polkinghorne sued his father Thomas Holland and Louis Whitington alleging that as partners they were liable for her losses. They argued they were not liable because giving financial advice was not part of the ordinary course of the business of the firm.Held Harolds partners were liable for the ? 5000 she had lost in the investments BUT NOT LIABLE fir the ? 5475 she had lost by guaranteeing the overdraft. They were liable for the first loss as providing advice WAS a normal part of the business of the firm. They were not liable for the losses on the guarantee as this had NOT INVOLVED HAROLD ACTING IN HIS PROFESSIONAL CAPACITY hence NOT IN THE ORDINARY COURSE OF THE BUSINESS OF THE FIRM. BUT partners actions will be looked at subjectively AND objectively when courts decide whether the other partners are liableThere are two ramifications 1. The subjective test is what kinds of business does this firm actually carry on (and consequently look at any actions taken by a partner that were not actually authorized) 2. The objective test is what kinds of business do other firms actually carry on in the same line of business (a sort of reasonable expectation point) It seems that the courts have favoured this approach as in Mercantile Credit Co Ltd v Garrod (1962) Garrod and Parkin operated a garage in partnership. Parkin ran the business.Garrod was a sleeping partner with no interest in the f irms day to day running. Their agreement specified that buying and selling cars was NOT to be part of the firms activities. In breach of their agreement and without authority from Garrod Parkin fraudulently sold a car to Mercantile Credit who discovered the fraud and sued for the return of its ? 700 purchase price. Garrod denied liability arguing that Parkin had had no actual or ostensible authority as selling cars was not business of the kind carried out by the firm. Held Garrod WAS liable.Even though what Parkin had done had been without Garrods authority (thereby eliminating any liability under the first limb it was AN ACT WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE FIRMS BUSINESS. Therefore, Parkin had had the necessary OSTENSIBLE AUTHORITY and both partners were liable under the second limb. Justice Mocatta looked at the type of business that could be expected in garages full normally. Holding Out as Partners s. 6(1) PA 1892 NSW Authority of those held out as partners Even non-partners can bind the firm if the firm or some of its members hold them out as partners (this is part of the Doctrine of Ostensible Authority).By representing that a particular person is a partner, the partnership is effectively gradeing, either to the world or to an individual that the person has all the caters of a partner and that he has authority to bind the firm. If someone then deals with that person (in the smell that they are a partner) the firm may not disassociate itself from liability just because that person was not, in fact, a partner. By representing that that person was a partner the firm becomes liable for any actions which it would have been reasonable for him to have taken as a partner s. 6(1) PA 1892 NSW. Liability of those held out as Partners s. 4 (1) PA 1892 NSW Third parties deceived by a holding out can therefore sue not only the real partners but also all those who were held out, exactly as if they had been real partners, provided they had at least acquiesced in the hold ing out. Estoppel Those who allow themselves to be held out as partners, knowing or suspecting that this might own third parties to alter their position in reliance on that representation, will be estopped from denying the fact of partnership if the denial is to avoid liability to those third parties as in Waugh v Carver (1793) Liability in General Liability of general partnersA general partners liability is unlimited liable to the full extent of their personal resources for partnership debts and obligations. If called upon they can ONLY seek a contribution from the other general partners. Their rights against the limited partners are restricted to the limited partners agreed contribution. A general partner CAN change status to become a limited partner SO LONG AS there is still at least ONE GENERAL PARTNER left. Liability of limited partners Only liable for the firms debts and obligations to the extent of his contribution or agreed contribution to the firms nifty ss. 0, 61 and 6 5(2) PA 1892 NSW. In NSW they can either be in cash or property valued at a stated amount. (In QLD those contributions must be in cash). THIS LIMITED LIABILITY ONLY RELATES TO LIABILITIES THE PARTNERSHIP OWES THIRD PARTIES. THE LIABILITY TO THE OTHER PARTNERS IS GOVERNED BY THE PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT AND THE RELEVANT PARTNERSHIP ACTS. Losing restrict Liability Can and will be lost 1. if there are defects in the Partnership Agreement 2. if the limited partners participate in management 3. if a limited partners contribution to capital is withdrawn 4. if the partnership ceases to be a limited partnership . if there is a failure to pick out the partnership as a Limited Partnership in business documents Key point about limited partnerships They must be registered s. 50 PA 1892 NSW Terminating a Partnership Can be dissolved in any number of ways. They may terminate their relationship 1. by agreement 2. or if they have provided for it in their original Partnership Agreement one partner may simply give notice of termination 3. court intervention (in the event of relationship breakdown. Remember. because partnerships are contractual relationships any change in the composition of the partnership (i. e. ny change in the parties) will technically terminate it Rushton (Qld) Pty Ltd v Rushton (NSW) Pty Ltd (2003). If some or all of the remaining partners want to continue after a change they can provided there is both an appropriate agreement and some correspondence to pay out those partners who are leaving. N. B. any continuation will involve a new partnership the old partnership will have over(p) when the change took place. Therefore at its lowest level termination will occur whenever there is any voluntary (or involuntary) change in the composition of the partnership whether or not the busiess continues after the change.Such changes include changes initiated by 1. the death of a partner 2. the expulsion of a partner 3. the retirement of a partner or 4. the introdu ction of a new partner Dissolution and Winding Up At its severest level termination can involve a formal dissolution of the partnership followed by a winding up of the partnerships affairs. Winding up means that the partnerships assets are sold, its debts are paid and any residue that remains is then split among the (now former) partners in accord with either the terms of their Partnership Agreement or the provisions in the Partnership Act s. 4 PA 1892 NSW. Difference between Dissolution and Winding Up Critical difference between dissolution and subsequent winding up is described in Rushton (Qld) Pty Ltd v Rushton (NSW) Pty Ltd (2003) . Death of a Partner s. 33(1) PA 1892 NSW The PA 1892 NSW provides that subject to any agreement between the partners, every partnership is dissolved as regards all the partners by the death of any partner SO. in the absence of a contrary agreement, the death of any partner must automatically bring the partnership to an end.The firms business may then be formally wound up, its assets and undertaking may be sold, its debts will be paid and any balance will be distributed between the deceaseds estate and the surviving partners in accordance with either the terms of the partnership agreement or, if there are no specific terms, the provisions of the Act. Why automatic dissolution? It is designed to protect the deceaseds interest in the partnership. N. B. The Partnership Agreement can stipulate by agreement that the death of a partner is not to result in automatic dissolution.Expulsion of a Partner s. 25 PA 1892 NSW s. 25 PA 1892 NSW provides that no majority of the partners can expel any partner unless a power to do so has been conferred by express agreement between the partners The express agreement referred to, while it need not be in writing, should be part of the original Partnership Agreement. Partners have no inherent right to expel co-partners. It is not enough that all the partners get together and agree agree to put a power of expulsion into their agreement just to get rid of the disfavoured partner.The normal way of resolving irreconcilable differences is to dissolve and wind up the partnership. There are a number of fiduciary safeguards which include 1. the expulsion must be exercised in good faith and it must not be improperly motivated 2. any power to expel a partner will be strictly construed but 3. unless the Partnership Agreement expressly or impliedly provides for it, a partner being expelled need not generally be told the reason for the proposed expulsion nor given an opportunity to speak in his defence. How the good faith requirement operates is well illustrated inBlisset v Daniel (1853) where a power of expulsion exists it must be used for the benefit of the partnership as a whole and not for the benefit of particular partners. Retirement of a Partner s. 26 PA 1892 NSW The effect of one partner past(a) (as with death or explulsion) is to dissolve the partnership in its then form. This is the case even so the business of the firm may continue Hadlee v Commissioner of Inland Revernue (1989). The practical effect raises some sort of indebtedness between all or some of the continuing partners (those who are buying out the retiring partner).The retiring partner loses all rights to have any continuing say in how the business is run. If the firm is going to continue as a new firm after the partner has retired they may well incur an obligation to indemnify the retiring partner against any action by the firms creditors after the effective date of his retirement. This will be important to the retiring partner because under the PA NSW he remains liable for all debts and obligations of the partnership before the effective date of retirement unless the remaining partners and the firms creditors agree otherwise s. 7(3) PA 1892 NSW. The Introduction of a New Partner s. 24 (1)(7) PA 1892 NSW s. 24 (1)(7) PA 1892 NSW provides that no person may be introduced as a partner without th e consent of all existing partners This provision follows naturally from the fact that partners have an unlimited liability for partnership debts and obligations and therefore there is a mutual trust, confidence, understanding and goodwill presumed to exist. Incorporated Limited Partnerships s. 49 PA 1892 NSW defines them as an incorporated limited partnership formed in accordance with the Act NOT VERY HELPFULBetter defined as, an association of persons carrying on business as partners where the liability of at least one of them is limited and the funds and business are managed by one or more general partners for the benefit of all the partners collectively s. 995-1(1) Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cth). SOthese partnerships have a corporate identity, a separate legal personality and perpetual succession. ONLY the limited partners are protected though unlike all limited liability companies Therefore the general partners remain liable without limitWhy have an Incorporated Limit ed Partnership? (ILP) ILPs were the direct result of the Commonwealth Governments Venture Capital Act 2002 (Cth) to facilitate non-resident investment in Australia. The Act provides concessional tax relief This is restricted to those involved in venture capital investments AND REGISTERED under the Act. Limited Liability Issues Normal (unincorporated) limited liability partnerships do not provide VC with the certainty of limited liability as they are NOT incorporated and have no independent legal status. Formation of an ILPThey MUST be REGISTERED in NSW the Registrar of Business Names. How to read s. 54 PA 1892 NSW Must lodge an application with above signed by existing or proposed partners detailing 1. that the partnership is to be registered as an ILP 2. the firms name, address and principle office 3. full name and address of each partner 4. status of each partner i. e. general partner or limited partner 5. for registered VCLP either evidence of registration or a statement outlin ing the intent 6. anything else prescribed as required, under regulation or otherwiseOnce REGISTERED an ILP is in most cases will be subject to the rules of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) regarding matters such as directors duties and the prohibition of disqualified persons taking part in management. Assumptions those dealing with an ILP are entitled to make The PA 1892 NSW provides a number of assumptions that those who deal with an ILP are entitled to make (UNLESS they know or suspect that the assumption is incorrect ) These assumptions are 1. the Partnership Agreement has been complied with 2. anyone on Register as a general partner has authority to perform duties 3. nyone held out as a general partner in, or as agent of, an ILP is a generalpartner and has such powers/authority 4. the general partners, and agents of, an ILP properly perform their duties to the ILP 5. that a document executed by an ILP has been duly executed 6. that a general partner in an ILP who has authority t o issue a document on its behalf has authority to warrant that the document is genuine or a true copy. How are ILPs Regulated? Not governed by the general partnership rules Most important perhaps is when it comes to joint/several liability.Partnership Act NSW provides that general law of partnership does NOT apply to ILPs OR to the relationship between the ILP and its partners s. 1(C) PA 1892 NSW. Partnerships & Companies Generally The reason for the distinction between P and C is quite simple. A P is an ASSOCIATION of persons ACTUALLY carrying on a business. Together the partners decide what business will be carried on, they are usually entitled to get involved in the day-to-day operations and they are personally liable for the partnerships debts and obligations. With C this is not the case.C are INDEPENDENT LEGAL ENTITIES WITH A PERPETUAL EXISTENCE. They obtain their funds from shareholders who are generally, both in fact and in law, passive investors. The difference between P an d C can be very important even in small closely held companies where the directors are also the companys sole shareholders and operate like a P the legal position is that they are not a P and therefore have NO right to be treated as such by the law. This can have very unfortunate circumstancesas in Friend v Brooker (2009) The parties incorporated a company and they were equal shareholders.Brooker borrowed funds personally to help the business. The C later went into liquidation and there was not enough money to repay the loan. Brooker claimed that the C had merely been a corporate vehicle for a P between the two men and therefore P law should apply. Held Brookers action failed. Court said he and Friend had taken a deliberate commercial termination to adopt a corporate structure for their business instead of operating as a partnership therefore no fiduciary duty owed. Advantages of Partnerships plain and cheap to set up Can be simple and cheap to dismantle ConfidentialityParticipa tion in management and decision-making Flexibility Partners owe a fiduciary duty to one another Can be used to reward and retained skilled/valued staff Disadvantages of Partnerships Have no separate legal existence Continuity problems Limited numbers Capital may be more difficult to raise Unlimited liability Statutory Agency Partnership interests are not freely transferable Some Partnership decisions require unanimity Partnership In Tort PA 1892 NSW ss. 10-13 The basic provision concerning the way in which tortious (and criminal) wrongs committed by a partner are to be treated reads as follows where by any wrongful act or omission of any partner. acting in the ordinary course of the business of the firm, or with the authority of the partners co-partners, loss or injury is caused to any person not being a partner of the firm, or any penalty is incurred, the firm is liable therefore to the same extent as the partner so acting or omitting to act. Therefore, all partners will be collect ively liable but that is not all. The PA 1892 NSW makes clear that partners liability is both joint and several s. 12 PA 1892 NSW therefore the injured party can sue the whole firm OR partners that he chooses.If he sues only some of the partners THEY WILL BE PERSONALLY LIABLE (they will also be entitled to seek a contribution from the other partners). If recovery in full cannot be obtained from the sued partners by the injured party they may later sue partners who were not sued for the shortfall Breaches of Contract the partners are simply jointly liable for the firms debts and obligations so the injured party generally only gets one opportunity to sue collectively Kendall v Hamilton (1879) partners are jointly liable for partnership debts.To succeed the injured party must prove FIVE things 1 . there was a wrongful act or omission 2. it was committed by a partner 3. partner was acting in ordinary course of firms business or with actual or implied or apparent authority of his co -partners guinea pig Commercial Banking Corp of Australia Ltd v Batty (1986) 4. injured party suffered loss or injury 5. loss or injury resulted from the wrongful act or omission. Also see Polkinghore v Holland (1934) SEE ABOVE FOR FACTS AND DECISION

Philosophy in our daily lifes Essay

This essay will discuss how shtupister we apply metaphysics to our daily life as students, including activities and philosophical situations that take place through the week. The write will pass water a special focus on metaphysics, on how it exaltedly impacts and relates to a senior high school students daily life, by using tools regarding this topic by Alain Badiou, vanguard Inwagen, Plato, Aristotle and The ground substance.Philosophy is the invention of new problems, however not all situations can be philosophically analyzed. That is wherefore a current philosopher from metaphysics explains in his text The Event how be these situations identified, because currently a very crucial and polemique problem is that most of state think that philosophical situations argon constantly affecting us in every single thing we do, which leads most spate to mistaken normal stands as philosophical situations. Due to that, the spring of Thinking the Event has made this writing to he lp people to stop using the term philosophy wrong. The three aspects that differ a normal standpoint with a philosophical situation are choice, distance and break. The first aspect means either picking to think or not thinking, when a labyrinthian and not regular situation takes place, which means choosing to research and get to know well the problem, or leave it how it is and walk away the second requisite for a philosophical situation is the distance, which is the comparison of the actual situation which is commonly detected as the truth and its farness from the power, which in regular situation there is no material distance or disagreement the last condition is the break, which basically is to documentaryize and accept how different is the event from reality as we know it.Cyber bullyrag and bullying are new problems that have grown exp adept and only(a)ntially in the twenty first century, because of the constant invention of technology and social networks. The stage of high school is a super c at one timentrated area of both graphic symbols of bullying and other forms of molesting, however all of these according to the program of Bullying Stops With Me, oneout of 4 students is bullied, from which eighty percent of the times closedowns in physical aggression. To identify if this is a philosophical situation, the three requirements need to be present. The first one is the choice to think or not to, of why the bully is attacking the bullied the second one is to find the distance between power and truth, in this persona the power represented by the bully who is doing this because of any type of problems he has internally, that he projects towards the bullied, who represents the truth that has no reason to deserve the treatment of this teenager the three is the break, which is being sufficient to differ how bullying by this boy is so far from the ideal situation where he has no real problems with the bullied, who has to deal with the pugnacious dis charges from the damaged kid. The three conditions for a philosophical situation to be detected have been successfully proven, in a given event in a high school students life.This has been an example of a daily problem that many another(prenominal) students give in their studies at school, which after analysis it has been able to be categorized as a philosophical situation. After knowing how to differentiate regular problems from philosophical situations, it is easier to go deeper into philosophy and learn from one of its branches, which is metaphysics. Van Inwagen defines metaphysics as the study of ultimate reality, which shows a brief explanation of the topic, but still it contains a deep meaning in each word that conforms this commentary given by the author. One great mind of this branch of philosophy is Plato, student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, who has deeply influenced many authors and philosophy as we know it today. numerous high school students go through a ve ry rough stage in their lives where the image of each person is always compared with the ideal one.These images are created or known through the ones that photoshop editors pick as faultless. They have a huge impact on the lives of high school students, which have created a unanimous amount of problems to junior high students such(prenominal) as anorexia and bulimia among other problems because of the authors and editors and the figures that they have created to be the perfect ones and the ones that everybody should aspire to be. Plato discusses the ideal form or unam massiveuous world and its influence on matter. This point taken by the greek philosopher relates to the perfect picture earlier discussed, of how the ideal image of a woman or man should be, which in consequence affects the matter or the scholars on their body, because theywant to resemble to those icons that the editors have created. This point is also taken by the movie of The Matrix when Neo is in the white room, seen as the residual image (perfect form of himself) which can be related to the ideal model that the world has created of the human body, compared to the cancel apppearence when he is in the real world, where he appears bold and his body is different.The relation of the photoshop form, the residual and the figure on the Matrix from the intelligible (Plato) world are things that highly influence a students life, which show how we are strange prisoners from these images, because these pupils are not common prisoners with shackles and in a prison as Plato mentions on his text The Allegory Of The Cave. Plato mentions the phrase We are strange prisoners because of the uncommon slavery that the world has made us be. This philosopher who lived thousands of years ago saw this polemique, that back hence was present and after centuries it still is present in a high school students life and in a movie such as The Matrix. The film shows everyone as a prisoner from the program (the matrix), t hat was made by the machines to have all humans controlled so that they could take their energy. Taking into bank bill this motion picture earlier mentioned, there is a relation between the real lives of each person in the matrix with the prisoners of The Allegory of the Cave.This text is scarcely about slaves shackled without any movement, who have been like that all of their lives, inside a cave where they see these shadows and a stories about them on a wall earlier them, with a fire behind to illuminate these shapes. One day the master decides to free one of the slaves who is taken outside the cave by force. Once the prisoner is out it narrates how difficult it is for him to get used to the light of the sun and the unusual world before him. For him to be able to adjust to these changes he starts by just seeing shadows, from that the moon and at the end the Sun. After his experience he gets back to the cave and he tells the other slaves what he lived and experienced, who late r mocked him. At the end he gets to the conclusion that he rather be a distressing servant with that familiarity than back in the shadows with ignorance. The Allegory of the Cave has six strategic symbolisms that relate to the lives of many high school students. The first one is the cave, which is the society, the knowledge and costumes that most of the people consider as the absolute truth the second is the fire, representing the knowledge that society gives to each person, which shapemany lives of scholars through their acceptance of these the third one is the prisoners that symbolizes the students the fourth is the shadows, that are the things that learners think they know, which are perceived through their senses the fifth is the shackles, representing the comfort zone where undergraduates stay due to the fear of being judged the final is the light, where they can actually find the real knowledge.These symbolisms represent to be part of many of the lives that high school stu dents have through their three years of study, because a great amount of these undergraduates constantly accept rules or truths that others implement on them. These situations identify one very important problem that they experience when they try to belong to a group. They take the cultivation that group gives them (fire symbolism) and thats what they use as compose point to other activities they face through their day. As consequence they become strange prisoners from that information that is given to them, not allowing them to come out to the light (real knowledge) and experience the real world, which is way to different and more filled up with information about the world. In some cases there are students that notice that they are slaves of information that the groups give them and they decide to leave all that information behind and experience the real world, however for many it is very hard to get accustomed to the real world and its information due to the dramatic change, wh ich in consequence leads them back to the world of shadows. Another greek philosopher named Aristotle, who made a huge impact on western philosophy discusses on his studies the four causes that lead a person to be virtuous.These causes are the material (material of what and object is composed of), the formal (the potentiality of what it can become or work for), the efficient (tools that shape the object) and the final (its purpose). These four causes are the ones that through reason lead people to extend to their total actuality (ultimate purpose). The four causes are deeply related to a scholars life, as does any other human being, which can lead them to be virtuous people through the completion of the stages, however when teenagers try to fit in a club the causes seem to be farther away because of the shape that their lives take once they commit to belong to a group. High school is about fitting in and belonging to a society, where he or she relates to the people within, nonethel ess these people usually try to belong to the high and social groups, which dictate a set ofnorms in order to be part of it. These rules are usually doing drugs, drunkenness alcohol, smoking cigarettes and relationships with the opposite gender. They usually lead the takings to an acceptable place within the group, to date these requisites lead the person to move further apart from their causes and to a virtuous life. Peer pressure assumes an important role in this case, principally because the teenager desires so bad to belong, that he or she will do anything to accomplish their goal.This situation has created polemique, because once you enter high school no person wishes to be at the bottom, without being recognized socially, which builds another wall between the subject and the final cause depending on the type of group that a person wants to belong to and how far are the ideologies of the group from the ones of the person. Van Inwagen, a metaphysician debate on how appearance s tend to be deceptive and that reality stands behind all these appearances. These, disguise the reality and they do this type of scheme through the misleading of what people sense. many social groups and images that photoshop has ideally formed have highly disguised the truth of perfect and ideal body. In the case of groups they show how not having parents is better (appearance), yet these people suffer of psychological problems and loneliness (reality) which they tend to hide with the amazingness of not having elderly people caring for you, leading scholars to have problems with their parents because of the attention and concern that they have for them that it is bad seen in the teen society.Another case that can relate to the point of Van inwagen of appearances being deceptive is drinking and smoking, which is seen in social high school groups to be fine and without consequences (appearances), however drinking and drugs are another way to balance their lack of attention in parent hood (reality). For photoshop they disguise these models with perfect body, teeth, hair, skin among other things when the reality is that these models just stand there and let the photographers take pictures of them, which later are incredibly edited and placed on magazines and big announcements that serve the purpose of projecting an ideal form to sell advertisements among other things. Another important situation of an undergraduate is the effort and results they tend to have at school. Many students consider high school as a social network that leads them to a happy stage of their lives by partying and skipping classes, nonetheless they forget the enormousness of their education when theyfail classes, which can be occasionally improved, however the way that students deal with failure is why they cannot succeed.Plato teacher of Aristotle debates that an unexamined life is not worth breathing because even though people experience some discomfort or pain this is only temporary and it is worth it due to what comes next. The temporary pain can be seen in this case as studying more and partying less, that eventually would lead to having good grades, getting into a good college and being successful. Yet if they outride in an unexamined life of ignorance they will live a different type of pain, which will remain there for all of their lives. This last phrase of different type of pain is related to a scholars life when he fails classes and eventually school, leaving him without his or her studies, leading to a bad employment and misery. That is why in the Allegory of the Cave, Plato in his conversation with Glaucon mentions how the slave that was set free and comes back to the cave says that he would rather live being a poor servant of a poor master with all the knowledge that back in the shadows.This shows in the students life that if he went out to the real world and saw what he could become and the truth about it, he would not rather be an ignorant teen that o nly parties who remains in the shadows because he can not see what can happen if he remains the same. To conclude this essay, it has been seen the different aspects that a teenager boy or female child on high school can have and how are they related to the different authors and movie of metaphysics. These authors have one thing in common which is want the truth, however their methods to guide them to the goal differ. The two main authors are of greek background, Aristotle and Plato.Aristotle focuses his methods and theory on the sensible realm and later on the intelligible realm, irrelevant Plato who uses these concepts the other way around focusing on the world of forms or ideal world and its influence on the natural realm. It is for each person to decide the view on which they stand, which could be philosophy being a set of footnotes of Plato Aristotle being superior than Plato, because he took Platos ideas and improved them or Plato focuses on slip ideas and Aristotle is conc entrated on concrete objects and its development, changes and purposes. This views are for each person to the decide focusing mainly on undergraduates and their philosophical situations and how they wish to deal with them by either choosing one of the views or remaining in the shadows.BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHY Cohen, Marc. The Allegory of the Cave. 11 July 2013. 12 family 2014 . Cohen, S. Marc. Aristotles Metaphysics. 11 June 2012. 12 September 2014 . Paul, John. 2 July 2013. 11 September 2014 . Stanford Universuty. Metaphysics. 10 September 2007. 11 September 2014 . Thesaurus.com. Synonims. . Unknown. Notes on Alain Badious Thinking the Event. 22 June 2012. 12 September 2014 .

Finance Proposal Essay

.1.INTRODUCTIONThis research is an overview that how shaping can improve their output by information dodge planning and carrying into action? Ethical and professed(prenominal) practices as well as effective risk management, improving the outcomes and monitoring the performance.ERP agreement gives flexibility, quick response.ERP was introduced in former(a) 1990s to cope with the requirements of the market. This system is difficult to get in practice as it has many modules and can be modified according to the need of an organization.1.1 orders introductionSSGC (Sui Southern Gas participation limited) is the Pakistans most leading company. Its purpose to provide natural gas to all the regions of the country. Beside transmission construction cancelled all senior high school and low pressure distribution systems. The vision of the company is to provide excellent services by maintaining high level of ethical and professional standards. The mission of the company is to meet the needs of the customers in friendly environment and securing the the responsibility of all stakeholders.1.2ERP OverviewQuestion arises what is actually ERP?How it operations?ERP are software packages lie different modules e.g. Human resource, sales, marketing etc. These softwares can be modified according to the needs of the department of an organization.ERP system is not a stand which will end one day, they are the way of life. However ERP does not guarantee the solutions of the problems but those who will understand and implement it will be most likely to succeed.1.3Importance of ERPERP is the most important and effective tool used in todays time across the globe. It is not that easy for blood line people to start competing on global scale because there will be complications and hardship for them to line-up their operations and processes and makes them works smoothly.ERP is not the solution to all problems . seekesFrom the begin ERP was the most expensive tool only handful companie s afford it at that time. Even it was difficult for workers to accept and work with new tool, overdue to lack of familiarity about the ERP tool workers failed to make it useful and how to implement it companies purchases falling in loss. Setting up the ERP system in organization is complex and time consuming minimum time for fully capital punishment for big organization is six months and maximal eighteen months for some reasons. It is important for workers to understand and welcome plenty of association about the tool so it gone a be easy for organizations to meet its needs, Every organization have different needs and make it ERP tools to a greater extent effective to meet the needs of an organization.1.4Dominant factors in ERPDifferent studies has been conducted on critical factors that should be carefully analyzes to make possible and successful implementation of an ERP project. Implementation of ERP project on all levels carried out by these factors. Researches highlighted these factors play important role in ERP implementation. These factors monitor all stages of ERP implementation top management, experienced project management, adult male class training are all main factors of ERP project.1.5Dimensions and phases of ERPERP life cycle phases contains many stages that ERP system goes through longer span of life hosting within an organization. spare-time activity are the phases of life cycle of ERP.1. Adoption decision phase2. Acquisition phase3. Implementation phase4. Maintenance phase5. Evolution phase retreat phase.In ERP dimensions first preference is to analyzing phases of life cycle which are 1)product 2)process 3)People 4)change management.1.6Advantages and disadvantages of ERPERP system has more advantages than disadvantages. Its been used to solving number of problems that are faced by cock-a-hoop organizations. Using this technology a company can get a path to sucees but it does not guarantee it, This technology costs very high so every o rganization can not implement it .It is complex system only trained employees can modify it according to the need of an organization Otherwise it is useless and wastage of time and money.1.7 Research problem* To find out the factors of implementation of ERP.* To analyze the structure and planning of ERP in Sui Southern Gas Company Limited.1.8Objective* To overview the implementation of ERP in Sui Southern Gas Company. * To explain the importance of ERP as best practice in an organization.1.9LimitationsThere are many limitations in our online study due to which our research work got effected. Due to limitation of time(4 months) we do not at this point differentiate amid alternative explanations for our findings. Also due to the limited pecuniary resources.2.Literature Review2.1Social groovySocial capital is the way to secure benefits via social networks. These benefits include gaining knowledge about network norms. It also represents the benefits of the benefits of members of wo rld networks and communities. Repetition of interaction between people while they perform routine actions and work and procedure will form and transfer information .Social capital bridge the gap between the people within organization. Social capital enhances communication, collaboration, knowledge access between the employees of organization. Social capital exploits knowledge and information skills. It is positively more related to post implementation knowledge.2.2Post implementationIt is the process in which knowledge is created through experience. Post implementation gives an idea to look after its implementation. Post implementation focus on effectiveness of training before making any project operational.ERP is the complex system and limits the amount of knowledge. There is a gap between the usage and potential of technology. Post implementation learning realizes the firm specific of knowledge within the organization which is the key to know the potential of technology. Social capital is positively related to Post implementation learning Post training Self efficiency2.3Post training Self efficacySelf efficacy defines ones maximum capabilities to perform its labor to accept the situations face by an organizations which brings changes in behavior and decisions taken by employee. jibe to Campeau and Higgins (1995)introduce to IT field thats computer self efficacy is only the believe that how an individual can use computer effectively. Self-efficacy is just a construct during the acqui ions of new technology. Self-efficacy can be improved by trading internalizing the conceptual models into their mental model to fill the gaps in understandings, it can provide knowledge and experience. It also provides the firm believer of an individual to perform specific task according to his or her ability after training, self- efficacy positively related to motivation learning and skills.2.4ERP usageERP performs different task and it refers to the usage of the ERP syste m on individual basis in an organization such as problem solving and customer services.ERP usage gives competitive advantage competency and increase in productivity. The ERP system integrative the characteristics that learn new knowledge and skills training gives the brief idea of proper implementation of ERP systems and it doesnt ensure that sustain the stability. Post implementation and obtaining knowledge based on practical work communication and feedback and knowledge transfer to improve ERP usage and major progress can be seen in the financial suggestion of an organizations it also give vast area for knowledge transfer from social networks ERP system has different modules and factors usage of ERP highly dependent on the training of employs and modification of ERP softwares according to the need of an organizations.2.5ERP ImpactERP gives a brief summary on the research of success of information system concluding six major categories system quality, quality of information, use, u ser satisfaction, individual and organization move. ERP impact depend on the individual uses of knowledge and information of the technology. According to delone and mclean (1992) suggested that Individual impact is closely related to performance with the impact indicating whether IS has given the users a better understanding has improved their productivity has produced to change their activities and change the sensing of importance and usefulness of IS. Continuous learning of the system leads to the reminding and modifying but absence will cause the gap and will effect the performance of individual work3.Conceptual Framework3.1.Independent variable* Social capital* Post training self efficacySocial CapitalERP impactERP usagePost implementation learningPost trainingSelf efficacyFig. 2.Conceptual Framework3.2. Dependent variable* Post implementation learning* ERP usage* ERP Impact4. Research methodologyResearch methodology is financial in this research. It focuses on the implementat ion and planning of ERP system in SUI southern gas company. financial assessment helps us to analyze the financial position of organization. trends and abnormalities can also be highlighted and determined through these analysis.5. Sources of data collection5.1.Primary source of data collectionData for this research has been collected from the visits of company and help was taken from personal contacts, meetings and discussions and with executives.5.2. Secondary source of data collectionIt was collected from annual reports, institute magazines, department manuals, and the data was gathering by the 6 published research paper.5.2. Statistical toolsDescriptive statistic and other test are employed.6. FindingsAnalysis shows positive trend in the company. As the profitability increases every year. The abnormalities shown in the analysis are clearly defined in notes at the back of annual report.The company indicates good asset position of the company. The company also got commensurate res erves and Surplus to meet the future financial contingencies of the company. Company considers Corporate Social Responsibility as one of the pivotal functions to accelerate the process of boilers suit sustainable development and make significant contribution to Nation building.7. ConclusionThe research which we have done gives a relative briefing by the ERP system. We have analyzed that ERP usage can give Competitive atmosphere in productivity and personal competency, by the powerful and integrative characteristics of ERP usage, the knowledge and skills increases. ERP usage and impact increases after the implementation. Although ERP is the best practice but it does not guarantee success.

Kwame Anthony Appiah’s “The role of religion” Essay

Kwame Anthony Appiah, author of The case for contamination focuses on three main interrelated issues throw out his essay. Globalization, cultural diversity, and ethical consideration. Religion plays twain major roles within this issues, claims made by tidy sum in favor of globalization and those against it. Religion can be used positively to protect subtlety in the idea of globalization, in the same way it can be a double-edge sword when relating to the role it plays in the issues at hand. Religion is a great(p) way for individuals to keep in touch with their traditions as the process of globalization gets larger. Sipho is a very religiouse Zulu man, from the province of South Africa of KwaZulu-Natal. He was raised with strong traditions from his culture, but still has encounter and been affected by globalization in ways such as the television. He was heavily influenced by the soap opera geezerhood of Our Lives. Sipho explains how the show helped him fix his relationship with h is father, but certain aspects of the show like women dating before 20 were still completely unacceptable as it went against his believes and those of his people (Appiah 40).The role of religion in the process of globalization can also harm the situation. Preservationists fear globalization, and are scared it all(prenominal)ow for negatively impact theyre culture. Every single human life is different from adept another. We range from sex, religion and different cultural backgrounds, but still were all connected to one another no matter how we look at it, as deep inside were all the same. Whether it be throw media or conversation, were constantly being uncovered to new ideas that help us transition better to change. Conversation is an important factor in social workth. We must learn what every individuals definition of animateness a normal life is before we can open our minds and learn to tolerate each others different rituals and ideals. Appiah is not saying to admit with eve ry other cultural practice u come across, but throw conversation we can see different views on thesubject and grow to accept the values of our fellow brothers and sisters.Liberal cosmopolitanism is based on the premise of universal human dignity. It follows the idea that every human being has responsibilities to every other. Appiahs father was a patriot of Ghana, Appiah explains how he remembers his fathers teaching that he was a citizen of the world. That he should work for the good of the places where he set tent, hold it had been for just a moment or a lifetime. Appiah is highly critical about emphasizing how serviceman can learn from the open mind examinations of pick achievements. He recognizes the important values of localism and moderate nationalism. In his paper he quotes his favorite philosopher John Stuart Mill at that place is no nation that doesnt need to borrow from others, not only particular arts or practices, but essential points of character in which its own typ e is inferior (Appiah 62).Appiah believes humans have a common nature ranging from individual variations. This idea relates to his criticism of moral relativism. It is expected for principles like toleration, individualism, and benevolence to be of universal acceptance as the basics of a civilize organization, yet its 2015 and we still see countries killing one another for religious believes or being underappreciated for their sex or race.A proverb from Ghana Appiahs home town renders In a single political order there is no wisdom (Kuro koro mu mni nyansa.) In this world, there are so umteen different cultures and ethicnicities that it is impossible for us to decide what the correct way of living actually is. Another great example Appiah gives us on how society has changed in the last twenty years, look at the ideals behind gay marriage.Not too long ago Homosexuality was endlessly kept hidden from everyone as it was viewed wrong. Now it is legal in most states to the point where t hey can actually get married. Its a fact that as people become more confident about themselves it becomes more acceptable the more time passes by. When a person opens theyre mind towards the views of another they will come to peace in mind, as there is no right or wrong answer to any believe or tradition. Religion is a gate for us to feel at peace mentally and spiritually. Is a beautiful thing rich in faith and values, but with so many different believes all over the world no matter what our believes are it is crucial for us to love and accept one another.In the end, were humans and all the same inside and out.Work Cited1. Appiah, Kwame Anthony. The Case For Contamination. The New York Times. The New York Times, 31 Dec. 2005. Web. 15 Feb. 2015. 2. Anthony Appiah The Case for Contamination Google Docs. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2015. 3. Will Dixons ECO 108 Site vital Analysis The Case for Contamination. Will Dixons ECO 108 Site Critical Analysis The Case for Contamination. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.

Comparing Gender Roles of Americans over Past 100 Yrs

Kristal Smith Professor Ryan Enc 1101 Section 39547 November 22, 2012 Contemporary Roles vs Roles cytosine Years Ago If we look at America 100 old age ago, the changes from then to now are phenomenal. In 1906, the average life span was 47 years. Only 18% of the infrastructures had their own private bathtub. There were only 8000 cars resume in the United States with only 144 miles of paved road. 1 Today we pay off an estimate 250 million registered vehicles in the United States. There have been laws passed that every home must have its own bathtub and fresh source of water.Considering the changes the United States has made over the past 100 years, it is no surprise that the roles of men and women have changed as well. The roles of men and women in contemporary society verses their roles in society 100 years ago present a large gap of visible and psychological differences. The American woman of the 1900s was to be seen, not heard. She was the homemaker and the one to raise the ch ildren. She cooked, cleaned, tended the laundry, taught the children and took care of her husband.She had no rights or freedoms in the political or religious world. was Limited rights and freedoms with a full load of responsibility was a difficult task to succeed at however the role was well specify which provided a sense of security. She was able to maintain a soft and emotional dispostion simply because there were no expectations of her to be any other way. The 1900s American woman is the definition of what we term the conventional role of a woman. 2 Her counterpart, the 1900s American man, was the worker, provider and protector.He had a voice in politics and religion. He gained approve and prestige by his job, his wife, and his children. The role of the man was simple but very important. He was strong and secure with the emotional support of his wife. The roles of the 1900 American women and man complimented severally other well and were successful. The American woman role of new-fangled day society has evolved since the 1900s. In modern day, woman have the right to vote and depart for presidency if she chooses to.Women have equal rights as men in the political and religious fields as well in the work force. In modern day, many women work and help support financially for their family. The modern day American woman has more weight and stress to carry along with her rights and freedoms. This much prevents her from being soft and emotional. Their counterpart, the modern day American man, still follow the traditional roles of being the provider and the protector, but there are also a lot of stay-at-home dads which means they are now the homemaker.In some cases, he is not the protector and security which can affect his masculinity. It is complicated to adequately degree the modern day roles of men and women as the lines are no longer clearly defined. The past 100 years has served the American man and woman a diverse amount of changes from woman gaining e qual rights to men cooking and cleaning. In the 1900s, the roles of women and men were clearly defined and accepted. Today, the roles are not defined and the expectations are confused.Men and women both can now be the political leader, the provider, the homemaker, and the protector. The modern day roles of men and women sharing rights and freedoms are perceived as a good thing. Perhaps the traditional roles were more successful at complimenting each other as they eliminated the problem of gender role confusion. Works Cited 1. Women 100 years Ago vs Women Now http//recomparison. com/comparisons/100358/women-100-years-ago-vs-women-now/ 2. 100 Years Ago in America http//rense. com/general70/100yrs. htm Copyright 2002 JPS/Kitco Inc

Respiration and Photosynthesis

Respiration and Photosynthesis All life opines on two chemical receptions Respiration and Photosynthesis. These two influencees argon sort of crucial because they are a source to closely all life on Earth. Both of these processes are quite similar yet differentiate vastly. In this essay Ill be comparing and contrasting Photosynthesis and Respiration. Ill kill by discussing what real happens in both these processes and how? Moving on to the capacity transfers these processes go with and how these reactions relate to separately other.Plants generate using a process called Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the chemical change which happens in the leaves of green plants. Its the first pure tone towards making food not just for plants but ultimately every animal on the planet. During this reaction carbondioxide and water are converted into glucose and type O. For this reaction to occur both carbon and nitrogen are oblivious from the roots as nitrate and so is carbon as carbo ndioxide from the air and it also needs readiness as the reaction is endothermic, therefore the readiness is light from the sun.This is absorbed by a green nerve center called chlorophyll in the leaf. Therefore, photosynthesis takes ready in the chloroplasts which are present in the palisade stalls (found near the excrete of the leaf. ) (fig 1 ) As chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy needed to distinguish photosynthesis happen. The equation for this reaction is 6CO2 + 6H2O+ light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2Sugars created in photosynthesis can be later converted by the plant to starch for storage, or it can be combined with other sugar molecules to form vary carbohydrates such as cellulose, or it can be combined with other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, to seduce complex molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Moreover, public discussion is reversibly related to photosynthesis because it takes in light ene rgy and respiration gives out energy, which is used by the body as the glucose is converted into starch or stored.Oxygen is consumed unlike in photosynthesis, although in respiration energy is released in a more controlled and manageable way. During photosynthesis water and carbondioxide are chemically combined to make glucose and oxygen. The equation as follows C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O In addition, respiration and photosynthesis are both processes which depend on each other on a very wide scale. Fig 2 explains this. (Fig 2 ) Shows a cycle and how photosynthesis and respiration are dependent on each other.As the leaf produces oxygen through photosynthesis and then that oxygen is inhaled by an animal. Later, the animal breathes out carbondioxide, and that is then absorbed by the plants through leaves by the air, in order for respiration to happen making this ongoing cycle continue. Though photosynthesis only(prenominal) takes place in leaves of plants (inside palisade cells) duri ng the presence of light, respiration takes place in every living existence inside the mitochondria of the cell, with or without light being present or not.As all cells need energy through the sugar they made in their leaves oxygen moves through diffusion through the plant from cell to cell. Any oxygen not used by the plant in respiration, leaves the plant through critical holes under the leaf called stomata. Thats then jump of the air we breathe, making the whole process start again. Thats how closely photosynthesis and respiration are linked to each other. Whilst, both respiration and photosynthesis are quite similar yet unlike at the same time. Respiration is a process by which energy is liberated.On the other hand photosynthesis is a procedure where energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules as in, photosynthesis is an anabolic (constructive) process, resulting in the building up of carbohydrate molecules. While in respiration a catabolic (destructive) process occurs, resulti ng in the break dispirited of carbohydrate molecules. So, respiration results in a loss in dry ken where photosynthesis is totally the opposite, it results in a gain in ordinary mass. Furthermore, there are enzymes involved in the process of respiration.Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up a reaction. The organic compounds that are broken down are substrates. Glucose is the most common substrate. The general equation for respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP During respiration, glucose undergoes glycolysis forming pyruvic acid. Glycolysis consists of nine separate chemical reactions, each catalysed by a specific enzyme. The key players in glycolysis are the enzymes dehydrogenase and a coenzyme (a non-protein helper). So, in photosynthesis is catalysed by chlorophyll.To summarize, photosynthesis takes the sore ingredients of water, carbondioxide and uses light to make glucose and oxygen. Despite, respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbondioxide and water as waste products. Both these processes takes place in cells except respiration takes place in the mitochondria of a cell. Photosynthesis is catalysed by chlorophyll acting in concert with lipids or sugars, while in respiration dehydrogenase is used. Nevertheless, photosynthesis and respiration both are a part of an ongoing cycle and work together in order for plants or animals to survive.